Personalized medicine in multiple sclerosis: hope or reality?

Table 1 Summary of established and potential biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of multiple sclerosis.

Established biomarkers	Diagnosis	Prognosis	Treatment response/side effects
Cerebral spinal fluid-specific oligoclonal bands	+	(+)	-
Intrathecal immunoglobulin production	+	(+)	-
Intrathecal anti-viral immunoglobulin production	+	-	-
Magnetic resonance imaging	+	(+)	(+)
Neutralizing antibodies against beta-interferon	-	-	(+)
Neutralizing antibodies against natalizumab	-	-	+
Antibodies against JC virus	-	-	+
Aquaporin 4 antibodies	+	(+)	(+)
*Potential biomarkers*
CD56 bright natural killer cells	-	-	(+)
Cytokines/chemokines	-	-	(+)
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies	(+)	-	-
Intrathecal/oligoclonal immunoglobulin M production	-	(+)	-
Transcriptomics	-	-	(+)
Genetics	(+)	(+)	(+)

+ valid biomarker that is used in clinical practice; (+) there is experimental and clinical evidence for this biomarker, but the need for more clinical data; - there is no clear evidence.

ISSN: 1741-7015