Table 1 Characteristics of the prospective studies (n = 11) regarding the associations between iron intake or body iron stores and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)
Author, year [reference number] | Country | Study name | Sample sizea | Age, years | Women, % | Follow-up, years | Exposure assessment | Ascertainment of T2DM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Iron intakes and T2DM (n = 5) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |||
Jiang et al, 2004 [20] | USA | HPFS | 1168/38,394 | 40 to 75 | 0 | 12 | FFQ (validated) | Symptoms plus fasting glucose, OGTT, or use of anti-diabetic medication |
Lee et al, 2004 [24] | USA | IWHS | 1921/35,698 | 55 to 69 | 100 | 11 | FFQ (validated) | Self-report |
Song et al, 2004 [23] | USA | WHS | 1558/37,309 | ≥ 45 | 100 | 8.8 | FFQ (validated) | Self-report |
Rajpathak et al, 2006 [21] | USA | NHS | 4599/85,031 | 34 to 59 | 100 | 20 | FFQ (validated) | Symptoms plus fasting glucose, OGTT, or use of anti-diabetic medication |
Shi et al, 2010 [30] | China | JIN | 23/1,056 | ≥ 20 | 57.9 | 5 | 3-day weighed food records | Fasting glucose |
Body iron stores and T2DM (n = 6) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |||
Salonen et al, 1998 [9] | Finland | KIHD | 41/82 | 42 to 60 | 0 | 4 | sTfR (EIA) ferritin (RIA) | Fasting glucose, OGTT, clinical diagnosis of diabetes or use of anti-diabetic treatment |
Jiang et al, 2004 [10] | USA | NHS | 698/716 | 56.5/56.4 | 100 | 10 | sTfR (ITA); ferritin (ITA) | Symptoms plus fasting glucose, or use of anti-diabetic medication |
Forouhi et al, 2007 [11] | UK | EPIC- Norfolk | 360/758 | 62.4/62.1 | 42.0 | 5.1 | Ferritin (FIA) | Self-report, HbA1c |
Jehn et al, 2007 [15] | USA | ARIC | 599/690 | 53.5/52.8 | 60.4 | 7.9 | Ferritin (ITA) | Fasting or non-fasting glucose, anti-diabetic medication use, self-report |
Le et al, 2009 [16] | USA | ACLS | 220/5,292 | NA | 32.0 | 4.3-4.7 | Ferritin (no details of test available) | Fasting glucose, hypoglycemic medication, or ever-diagnosed T2DM |
Rajpathak et al, 2009 [17] | USA | DPP | 280/280 | 50.4/50.2 | 63.6 | 2.8 | Ferritin (ITA) | OGTT, fasting glucose |