Table 1 Atrial fibrillation (AF) susceptibility genes and loci

Potassium channel

Large-scale candidate gene or genome-wide association study

KCNQ1

Enhanced repolarization (increased I_Ks)

[61–65]

1q21

IL6R

[66]

KCNE1

Enhanced repolarization (increased I_Ks)

[9, 67–69]

1q21

KCNN3

[15, 16]

KCNE2

Enhanced repolarization (increased I_Ks)

[70]

1q24

PRRX1

[16]

KCNE5

Enhanced repolarization (increased I_Ks)

[71]

4q25

PITX2

[12–16]

KCNH2

Enhanced repolarization (increased I_Kr)

[72, 73]

7q31

CAV1

[16]

KCNJ2

Enhanced repolarization (increased I_K1)

[74]

9q22

C9orf3

[16]

KCNA5

Delayed repolarization and afterdepolarizations (decreased I_Kur)

[75]

10q22

SYNPO2L/MYOZ1

[16]

Sodium channel

14q23

SYNE2

[16]

SCN5A

Hyperpolarizing shift in inactivation (loss-of-function)/depolarizing shift in inactivation (gain-of-function)

[76–81]

15q24

HCN4

[16]

SCN1B

Decreased I_Na current and altered channel gating

[82]

16q22

ZFHX3

[16]

SCN2B

Decreased I_Na current and altered channel gating

[82]

Familial loci without known gene

Ion channel-related

6q14-q16

-

[83]

GJA5

Impaired cellular transport and intercellular electrical coupling, increased dispersion of refractoriness

[84–87]

10p11-q21

-

[88]

ANK2

Loss-of-function reduces expression and membrane targeting of Ca_v1.3 (decreased I_Ca,L)

[89, 90]

10q22-q24

-

[91]

Non-ion channel

LMNA

Disruption of nuclear function or altered interaction with cytoplasmic proteins

[92–95]

NUP155

Reduced nuclear membrane permeability, enhanced repolarization

[96, 97]

AGT

Unknown

[98, 99]

ACE

Insertion/deletion, unknown mechanism

[100–102]

NPPA

Mutant peptide, enhanced repolarization

[103]