Table 4 Participant characteristics for each included study
From: Pre-cooling for endurance exercise performance in the heat: a systematic review
| Authors, year and reference | Participant characteristics |
|---|---|
| Arngrïmsson et al., 2004 [24] | Competitive collegiate and club middle/long distance runners |
| Age men: 23.4 (4.4) years | |
| Age women: 22.1 (2.2) years | |
| Height men: 178.6 (4.4) cm | |
| Height women: 167.7 (5.5) cm | |
| Body mass men: 67.7 (4.2) kg | |
| Body mass women: 55.9 (4.3) kg | |
| Body fat men: 7.3 (2.0) % | |
| Body fat women: 17.8 (3.3) % | |
| Best 5 km run time men: 15.5 (0.8) min | |
| Best 5 km run time women: 17.9 (1.1) min | |
| VO2max men: 4.50 (0.31) l/min | |
| VO2max women: 3.24 (0.25) l/min | |
| Heat acclimatized | |
| Booth et al., 1997 [42]a | Competitive runners from a local athletic club |
| Age: 26.7 (1.7) years | |
| Height: 169.7 (4.0) cm | |
| Weight: 65.96 (2.87) kg | |
| Sum of eight skinfolds: 62.5 (9.7) mm | |
| Body surface area: 1.75 (0.06) m2 | |
| Body fat: 15.8 (1.2) % | |
| HRmax: 189.5 (2.8) beats/min | |
| VO2peak: 63.1 (0.1) ml/kg/min | |
| Non-heat acclimatized | |
| Cotter et al., 2001 [25] | Habitually active, but were of lower average aerobic fitness than subjects used in previous studies on the effects of pre-cooling |
| Age: 32.4 (3.6) years | |
| Height: 175.6 (6.9) cm | |
| Body mass: 80.9 (10.5) kg | |
| Body surface area: 1.96 (0.15) m2 | |
| VO2peak: 51 (8) ml/min/kg | |
| Non-heat acclimatized | |
| Duffield et al., 2010 [41] | Moderate to well trained cyclists of club and regional standard who trained multiple times a week, competing in regional competitions |
| Age: 24.8 (3.3) years | |
| Height: 178.3 (8.0) cm | |
| Body mass: 76.1 (2.7) kg | |
| Sum of seven skinfolds: 54.4 (10.9) mm | |
| Lactate threshold: 221 (42) W | |
| Non-heat acclimatized | |
| Gonzalez-Alonso et al., 1999 [40]* | Endurance trained |
| Age: 28 (3) years | |
| Height: 187 (6) cm | |
| Body mass: 77.9 (6.4) kg | |
| HRmax: 200 (9) beats/min | |
| VO2peak: 5.13 (0.30) l/min | |
| Non-heat acclimatized | |
| Hasegawa et al., 2006 [43]* | Untrained |
| Age: 21.8 (0.8) years | |
| Height: 1.72 (0.02) cm | |
| Body mass: 61.7 (2.1) kg | |
| Body fat: 15.1 (1.1) % | |
| VO2max: 48.5 (1.5) ml/kg/min | |
| Non-heat acclimatized | |
| Ihsan et al., 2010 [16] | Endurance trained regularly competing in cycling or triathlon, cycling more than four sessions and > 150 km/week |
| Age: 27.7 (3.1) years | |
| Height: 176.7 (5.8) cm | |
| Body mass: 81.38 (9.09) kg | |
| Non-heat acclimatized | |
| Kay et al., 1999 [28]* | Moderately to well-trained and undertook bicycle riding, training and competition on a regular basis |
| Age: 23.7 (2.1) years | |
| Height: 182 (3) cm | |
| Body mass: 76.1 (4.0) kg | |
| Sum of four skinfolds: 28.4 (2.3) mm | |
| Body surface area: 1.97 (0.06) m2 | |
| HRmax: 184 (3) beats/min | |
| VO2peak: 4.91 (0.25) l/min | |
| Non-heat acclimatized | |
| Quod et al., 2008 [27] | Well trained male cyclists with 6 (5) years of experience |
| Age: 28 (4) years | |
| Height: 182 (2) cm | |
| Body mass: 75.1 (3.2) kg | |
| Sum of seven skinfolds: 50 (11) mm | |
| VO2peak: 71.4 (3.2) ml/kg/min | |
| Maximum aerobic power: 384 (23) W | |
| Non-heat acclimatized | |
| Ross et al., 2011 [17] | Well trained A-grade cyclists aged 18 to 35 years |
| Age: 33 (5.1) years | |
| Body mass: 72.1 (5.5) kg | |
| Maximum aerobic power: 449 (26) W | |
| VO2peak: 71.6 (6.1) ml/kg/min | |
| Heat acclimatized | |
| Siegel et al., 2010 [18] | Moderately active, participating in recreational sport |
| Age: 28 (6) years | |
| Height: 178.9 (6.3) cm | |
| Body mass: 79.9 (11.2) kg | |
| Sum of nine skinfolds: 92.8 (41.4) mm | |
| VO2peak: 56.4 (4.7) ml/kg/min | |
| Non-heat acclimatized | |
| Siegel et al., 2012 [19] | Moderately active, were partaking in recreational sport |
| Age: 26 (4) years | |
| Height: 179.9 (6.7) cm | |
| Body mass: 78.1 (5.9) kg | |
| Sum of nine skinfolds: 87.3 (22.5) mm | |
| VO2peak: 54.2 (2.5) ml/kg/min | |
| Non-heat acclimatized | |
| Ückert and Joch, 2007 [26] | Regularly practiced types of sport with high endurance and strength components at a high level for example, soccer, athletics |
| Age: 25.6 (3.5) years | |
| Height: 183.4 (7.6) cm | |
| Weight: 77.9 (9.5) kg | |
| Non-heat acclimatized |