Lifestyle factors affecting gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms: a cross-sectional study of healthy 19864 adults using FSSG scores

Table 2 Correlation between FSSG scores and 20 background factors of the 19,864 participants (multivariate analysis).

Factors	Regression coefficient	P-value	Standardized regression coefficient (β)
Inadequate sleep (†)	1.678	< 0.0001 *	0.1576
Use of other digestive drugs	2.497	< 0.0001 *	0.1038
Use of PPIs	3.749	< 0.0001 *	0.0972
Use of H₂RAs	2.900	< 0.0001 *	0.0903
Increased body weight in adulthood	0.878	< 0.0001 *	0.0814
Dinner just before bedtime (†)	0.695	< 0.0001 *	0.0612
Habit of midnight snack (†)	0.788	< 0.0001 *	0.0554
BMI	-0.084	< 0.0001 *	-0.0535
Use of NSAIDs	1.179	< 0.0001 *	0.0512
Gender (female)	0.509	< 0.0001 *	0.0481
Frequent lack of breakfast (†)	0.683	< 0.0001 *	0.0449
Lack of habitual physical exercise (†)	0.424	< 0.0001 *	0.0350
Age	-0.018	< 0.0001 *	-0.0333
Use of antihyperglycemic agents	-0.813	0.0002 *	-0.0258
Habit of quick eating (†)	0.273	0.0002 *	0.0255
Habit of alcohol drinking (†)	0.278	0.0006 *	0.0250
History of gastrectomy	1.232	0.0004 *	0.0241
History of cardiovascular disease	0.637	0.0033 *	0.0201
Habit of smoking (†)	0.240	0.0100 *	0.0184
Use of steroids	0.303	0.3756	0.0060

BMI, body mass index; H₂RAs, histamine H₂-receptor antagonists; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PPIs, proton pump inhibitors. Multiple regression analysis was performed focusing on the 20 background factors, comprised of two continuous variables (age and BMI) and other 18 categorical variables. The level of significance in each factor was set at P-value < 0.05 (*). All the 20 background factors were sorted in order of absolute values of standardized regression coefficients. Eight lifestyle-related factors are denoted with (†).