Lifestyle factors affecting gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms: a cross-sectional study of healthy 19864 adults using FSSG scores

Table 3 Multivariately analyzed correlation between FSSG scores and 17 background factors among 371 PPI users.

Factors	Regression coefficient	P-value	Standardized regression coefficient (β)
Gender (female)	3.028	0.0003 *	0.1978
Inadequate sleep	2.211	0.0027 *	0.1500
Frequent lack of breakfast	3.414	0.0034 *	0.1460
Use of antihypertensive drugs	-2.043	0.0154 *	-0.1343
Dinner just before bedtime	2.130	0.0138 *	0.1293
History of cerebrovascular disease	-3.099	0.0863	-0.0833
Age	-0.059	0.1521	-0.0788
Use of antihyperlipidemic agents	-1.135	0.1683	-0.0707
Use of antihyperglycemic agents	-1.598	0.2357	-0.0576
Habit of midnight snack	0.658	0.5204	0.0324
Use of NSAIDs	-0.750	0.5268	-0.0310
Use of anticoagulants	-0.572	0.6108	-0.0279
Lack of habitual physical exercise	0.327	0.6758	0.0202
Habit of smoking	-0.333	0.7385	-0.0169
Habit of alcohol drinking	0.262	0.7477	0.0167
Use of other digestive drugs	-0.255	0.7515	-0.0156
BMI	0.013	0.9032	0.0063

BMI, body mass index; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PPIs, proton pump inhibitors. Multiple regression analysis was performed focusing on the 17 background factors, comprised of two continuous variables (age and BMI) and other 15 categorical variables. The level of significance in each factor was set at P-value < 0.05 (*). All the 17 background factors were sorted in order of absolute values of standardized regression coefficients (β).