Author (year) | Ethnic group/country | Participants/setting | Sample size | Intervention | Outcome measure(s) | Conclusion |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gray-Donald et al. (2000) [38] | Native Americans/Canada | Recruited before the 26th week of pregnancy, non-parallel recruitment of control and intervention arms. Mean BMI = 29.6 kg/m2 (SD = 6.45) in non-intervention arm and mean BMI = 30.8 kg/m2 (SD = 6.85) in intervention arm at baseline. | 219 107 in non-intervention arm; 112 in intervention arm | Dietary and weight counselling Exercise groups provided | Gestational weight gain; gestational diabetes; Caesarean section; birthweight; postpartum weight retention | No statistically significant difference in gestational weight gain, prevalence of gestational diabetes, Caesarean section or large for gestational age baby |
Olson et al. (2004) [51] | 96% white/USA | Recruited before third trimester. Hospital and clinic setting BMI range: 19.8 to 29 kg/m2 | 498 381 in non-intervention arm; 117 in the intervention arm | Used the Institute of Medicine recommended guidelines on weight gain; 'health book' used to record diet and exercise and contained healthy eating and exercise information | Gestational weight gain; birthweight | No statistically significant reduction in gestational weight gain or prevalence of large for gestational age baby |
Claesson et al. (2007) [36] | Not stated. Predominantly Caucasian/Sweden | Obese and registered at antenatal care clinic. BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 | 348 193 in non-intervention arm; 155 in intervention arm | Nutritional habits interview, weekly counselling and aqua aerobic sessions | Gestational weight gain; Caesarean section. | Statistically significant reduction in gestational weight gain; no difference in prevalence of Caesarean section |
Kinnunen et al. (2007) [37] | Over 90% Caucasian/Finland | First-time pregnant women who were obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) | 196 95 in non-intervention arm; 101 in intervention arm | Individual counselling at each antenatal visits. Dietary guidance and optional activity sessions. | Gestational weight gain; diet change; birthweight | No statistically significant reduction in gestational weight gain or prevalence of large for gestational age baby. Statistically significant reduction in dietary glycaemic load. |
Shirazian et al., 2010 [39] | 33% blacks; 67% Latino/USA | Singleton obese (≥ 30 kg/m2) pregnant women recruited in the first trimester. Historical non-intervention group. | 54 28 in non-parallel control arm; 28 in intervention arm) | One-to-one counselling; six structured seminars on healthy living (healthy eating and walking) | Gestational weight gain; gestational diabetes; Caesarean section | Statistically significant reduction in gestational weight gain; no difference in prevalence of gestational diabetes |
Mottola et al., (2010) [35] | Not stated/Canada | Overweight (BMI ≥ 25 to 29.9 kg/m2) and obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) pregnant women recruited before 16 weeks' gestation; historical non-intervention group. | 65 matched non-parallel control of 260 | Individualised nutrition plan; exercise consisted of walking (three to four times per week, used pedometers) | Gestational weight gain; Caesarean section; birthweight; peripartum weight retention | Possible reduction in gestational weight gain; no difference in prevalence of Caesarean section or large for gestational age baby; minimal effect on peripartum weight retention |