Table 2 Details of biomarkers, patients and endpoints in 25 included studies
Citation | Underlying conditions | Underlying conditions | Markers studied | Number of patients | Number of episodes | Endpoints studied | Comments on endpoints |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ammann 2003 | Pre-B-cell ALL = 94, Other diagnosis = 191 | Â | CRP | 111 | 285 | Significant bacterial infection | Defined as death from bacterial infection, a positive culture of normally sterile body fluids, radiologically proven pneumonia, clinically unequivocal diagnosis of a bacterial infection, or a serum CRP above 150 mg/L as an indirect sign suggesting severe bacterial infection |
Barnes 2002 | No data given |  | PCT | 37 | 39 | Length of stay | Stay of < 5d or ≥5d |
de Bont 1999 | ALL = 8, AML = 20, CML = 2, Lymphoma = 16, Solid tumor = 7 | Â | CRP, IL6, IL8 | 19 | 72 | Bacteremia | Â |
Diepold 2008 | ALL = 21, AML = 1, JMML = 1, Relapsed AML after SCT = 1, Solid tumor = 39, Hematological disorder after SCT = 4, Hematological disorder without SCT = 1 |  | CRP, IL6, IL8 | 69 | 123 | Bacteremia Fever lasting ≥5d but culture -ve |  |
Dylewska 2005 a and b | No data given | Â | CRP, PCT | 66 | 108 | Bacteremia Clinically defined infections (UTI, neurological, GI or respiratory) Microbiologically defined other infection | FUO was the default category |
El-Maghraby 2007 | ALL = 37, AML = 39, Lymphoma = 39 | Â | CRP, IL8, MCP | 76 | 85 | Bacteremia or clinically documented infection | Â |
Hatzistilianou 2007 | All patients had ALL | Â | CRP, PCT | 29 | 94 | Microbiological or clinically documented infection (excludes viral) | Â |
Heney 1992 | ALL = 17, AML = 10, Lymphoma = 2, Solid tumor = 18 | Â | CRP, IL6 | 33 | 47 | Bacteremia | Â |
Hitoglou-Hatzi 2005 | All patients had ALL | Â | CRP, PCT, tADA | 67 | Not stated | Significant bacterial infection | Â |
Hodge 2006 | No overall data given | Â | IL8, IL5 | 31 | 31 | Positive blood culture | Â |
Katz 1992 | Haematological malignancy = 82, Solid tumor = 40 | Â | CRP | 74 | 122 | Clinically or bacteriologically documented infection Septicemia (+ve blood cultures and unwell clinical appearance) | Â |
Kitanovski 2006 | Hematological malignancy = 50, Solid tumor = 18 | Â | CRP, PCT, IL6 | 32 | 68 | Bacteremia and clinical sepsis Clinically or microbiologically documented local infection | Â |
Lehrnbecher 1999 | ALL = 17, AML = 7, Lymphoma = 5, Solid tumor = 27 | Â | CRP, PCT, IL6 | 56 | 121 | Clinically documented infection Fungal infection Bacteremia (gram-type) | FUO was the default category |
Lehrnbecher 2004 | ALL = 48, AML = 15, Lymphoma = 16, Histiocytosis = 1, Solid tumor = 66 | Â | IL6, IL8 | 146 | 311 | Significant bacterial infection | Defined as bacteremia, localised infection or pneumonia |
Riikonen 1992 | No data given | Â | IL6, IL1, TNF, SAA | 46 | 105 | Bacteremia suspected sepsis Focal infection | "No infection" was the default category |
Riikonen 1993 | ALL = 20, AML = 24, Solid tumor = 47 | Â | CRP | 46 | 91 | Bacteremia suspected sepsis Focal infection | "No infection" was the default category |
Santolaya 1994 | Leukemia = 47, Lymphoma = 17, Solid tumor = 11 | Â | CRP | 75 | 85 | Documented bacterial infection Probable bacterial infection Viral infection | Documented bacterial infection defined as bacteremia (two sets positive for commensals) or sterile site infection; Probable bacterial infection defined as cultures negative but severe medical course, for example, purulent gingivostomatitis, CXR+; FUO was the default category |
Santolaya 2001 | ALL = 40%, AML = 8%, Relapsed leukemia = 14%, Lymphoma = 6%, Sarcoma = 17%, Other solid tumor = 15% | Â | CRP | 257 | 447 | Invasive bacterial infection | Defined as positive blood cultures - 2 for CoNS, positive bacterial culture from usually sterile site, or sepsis syndrome and/or focal organ involvement and haemodynamic instability and severe malaise |
Santolaya 2002 | ALL = 92, AML = 14, Lymphoma = 10, Solid tumor = 54 | Â | CRP | 170 | 263 | Invasive bacterial infection | Defined as positive blood cultures - 2 for CoNS, positive bacterial culture from usually sterile site, or sepsis syndrome and/or focal organ involvement and haemodynamic instability and severe malaise |
Santolaya 2007 | No overall data given | Â | CRP | 219 | 373 | Death | Â |
Santolaya 2008 | No overall data given on diagnoses. | Â | CRP, PCT, IL8 | 278 | 566 | Severe sepsis | Defined as sepsis + respiratory or cardiac compromise, or + 2 other-organ compromise) not apparent during the first 24 h of admission |
Secmeer 2007 | ALL and AML = 9, Lymphoma = 14, Sarcoma = 7, Histiocytosis = 1, Other solid tumor = 18 | Â | CRP, PCR, ESR | 49 | 60 | Bacteremia Documented bacterial infection (microbiologically or clinically) Duration of fever | Â |
Soker 2001 | ALL = 17, AML = 4, Lymphoma = 2 | Â | IL6, IL8, IL2R, IL1, TNF-alpha | 23 | 48 | Bacteremia | Â |
Spasova 2005 | ALL = 23, AML = 1, Lymphoma = 6, Solid tumor = 11 | Â | CRP, IL6, IL8, IL10 | 24 | 41 | Bacteremia Microbiologically or clinically proven local infections without bacteremia | Â |
Stryjewski 2005 | ALL = 35, AML = 2, Sarcoma = 8, Other solid tumor = 11 | Â | PCT, IL6, IL8 | 56 | Not stated | Sepsis Septic shock | Sepsis (positive culture - two consecutive +ve if CoNS, fever, tachycardia, or tachypnoea); septic shock defined as sepsis plus need for inotropes/vasopressors |