Author/Year [ref] | Animal model | Type of membrane | Study design | Assessment of bone regeneration | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jégoux 2010 [104] | Dogs Mandible | collagen | Segmental defects after mandibulectomy using calcium phosphate ceramics and collagen membrane with a delayed bone marrow grafting (after two months, bone marrow injection) | At 16-weeks Histological and scanning electronic microscopic analysis and X-ray microtomographic analysis | Successful osseous colonization bridged the entire length of the defects. The good new bone formation at the center and the periosteum-like formation at the periphery suggest the osteoinductive role of the bone marrow graft and the healing scaffold role of the membrane. |
Borges 2009 [105] | Dogs mandible | acellular dermal matrix (ADM) in comparison with a bioabsorbable synthetic membrane | Control group (bioabsorbable membrane made of glycolide and lactide copolymer) Test group (ADM as a membrane). | At 8 and 16 weeks, radiological evaluation At 16 weeks: Clinical measurements of the width and thickness of the keratinized tissue and histomorphometric analysis | ADM acted as a barrier in GBR, with clinical, radiographic and histomorphometric results similar to those obtained with the bioabsorbable membrane |
Sverzut 2008 [106] | Dogs mandible | poly L/DL-lactide 80/20% membrane with different permeability patterns | 10 mm segmental defects Mechanical stabilization and 6 treatment groups: control, BG alone (bone graft), microporous membrane (poly L/DL-lactide 80/20%) (Mi); Mi plus BG; microporous laser-perforated (15 cm2 ratio) membrane (Mip), and Mip plus BG. | Histological, histomorphometry and fluorescence microscopy at six months | BG protected by Mip was consistently related to larger amounts of bone versus other groups. No difference between defects treated with Mip alone and BG alone. Mi alone rendered the least bone area and reduced the amount of grafted bone to control levels. Bone formation was incipient in the BG group at three months regardless of whether or not it was covered by membrane. In contrast, GBR with Mip tended to enhance bone formation activity at three months. The use of Mip alone could be a useful alternative to BG. The combination of Mip membrane and BG efficiently delivered increased bone amounts in segmental defects compared with other treatment modalities. |
Bornstein 2007 [107] | Dogs mandibles | two bioabsorbable collagen membranes: collagen membrane versus cross-linked collagen membrane (CCM). | three standardized defects filled with bone chips and deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM), and covered by three different methods: control = no membrane; test 1 = collagen membrane; and test 2 = cross-linked collagen membrane (CCM). Each side of the mandible was allocated to one of two healing periods (8 or 16 weeks). | At 8 and 16 weeks Histomorphometric analysis | For all groups, the defect fill height increased between weeks 8 and 16. The CCM group showed a statistically significant increase over time and the highest value of all treatment modalities after 16 weeks of healing. The CCM showed a limited beneficial effect on bone regeneration in membrane-protected defects in dog mandibles when healing was uneventful. However, the increased complication rate with CCM requires a more detailed preclinical and clinical examination. |
Zubery 2007 [108] | Dogs mandibles | type I collagen membrane (GLYM) using a novel cross-linking technology versus a non-cross-linked bilayer type I and III collagen membrane (BCM) | Mandibular bilateral critical size defects five groups: GLYM + bovine bone mineral (BBM), BCM + BBM, BBM alone, sham-operated, or GLYM alone. | At 8, 16, and 24 weeks, Qualitative, semiquantitative, and quantitative light microscopy analyses | Membrane-protected sites displayed bone filling between the BBM particles with almost complete restoration of the original ridge morphology that increased with time up to 16 weeks and remained unchanged at 24 weeks. Both membranes showed marked degradation within 16 to 24 weeks, with BCM inconsistency that was undetectable in one of four sites at 8, 16, and 24 weeks. Membrane ossification was observed in all GLYM sites and in only one BCM site, which progressed with time to 24 weeks. Bone increased by approximately 1 mm on the lingual side, where the GLYM membrane was in direct contact with bone. |
Peled 2002 [109] | Dogs mandibles | titanium-reinforced expanded ePTFE membrane (ePTFE-TR) | Mandibulectomy defects (25 mm × 15 mm) ePTFE-TR or control (repositioning flaps) | At four to six months Macroscopic and histological/histomorphometric evaluation | The size of the residual defect in the experimental sites was much smaller compared to the controls, which was statistically significant. Histomorphometric measurements of new bone formation revealed a similar pattern. These differences were also statistically significant. |
Fritz 2000 [110] | Macaca mulatta monkeys Mandibles | reinforced ePTFE membranes | Standardized 8 × 19 mm mandibular defects Reinforced ePTFE membranes held in place with mini screws and sutures for anywhere from 1 to 12 months. No material added to the defect. | Digital subtraction radiology and fluorescent labelling with tetracycline and histomorphometry | Data suggest that membranes left in situ for 1 month or less result in minimal bone gain compared with membranes left in place from 2 to 12 months. In addition, labelling and stained sections clearly showed that the bone produced after 2 months of membrane placement is mature. |
Schenk 1994 [22] | Dogs mandibles | standard and prototype reinforced e-PTFE membranes | Standard and prototype reinforced e-PTFE membranes and control (no membranes) | At two and four months Histologic evaluation | Control sites without membranes exhibited incomplete osseous healing with a persisting defect. Test sites with membranes demonstrated significantly better bone healing, although bone regeneration was not yet completed at 4 months. Histologic evaluation showed that bone regeneration, once activated, progresses in a programmed sequence which closely resembles the pattern of bone development and growth. |