Type | Cause | Reference(s) by first author | Year(s) |
---|---|---|---|
Degenerative calcification | Vascular ischemia | Sandstrom [12] | 1938 |
 | Repetitive trauma | 1939, 1941 | |
 | Necrosis of tenocytes and intracellular calcium accumulation | Mohr [17] | 1990 |
Reactive calcification | Active cell mediated process | Uhthoff [27] | 1997 |
Endochondral ossification | Endochondral ossification of fibrocartilage at the enthesis of the tendon | Benjamin [34] | 2000 |
Chondral metaplasia | Erroneous differentiation of tendon-derived stem cells (TDSCs) | Rui [46] | 2011 |