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Family studies
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Tsuang et al., 1980 [26]; Mortensen et al., 2003 [27]; Lichtenstein et al., 2009 [28]; Van Snellenberg et al., 2009 [29]; Dean et al., 2010 [30]
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Increased risk for bipolar disorder in families of individuals with schizophrenia and for schizophrenia in families of individuals with bipolar disorder
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Gershon et al., 1988 [31]; Maier et al. 1993 [32]
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Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder linked to unipolar depression
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Kendler et al., 1998 [33]
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Roscommon Family Study; vulnerability to psychosis may extend across schizophrenia, major depression, and bipolar disorder
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Twin studies
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Cardno et al., 2002 [34]
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Significant genetic correlations between schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and mania
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Genome wide association studies (GWAS)
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O’Donovan et al., 2009 [14]; Green et al., 2009 [35]; Williams et al., 2010 [36]; Lee et al., 2012 [37]
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ZNF804A and CACNA1C may influence risk for both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
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Brain morphology
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Ellison-Wright and Bullmore, 2010 [38]; Arnone et al., 2009 [39]; Rimol et al., 2012 [40]
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Some overlapping white and gray matter deficits, but cortical reductions exclusive to schizophrenia
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McIntosh et al., 2006 [41]
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Genetic liability for gray matter reductions in DLPRC and VLPFC exclusively in schizophrenia
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Hulshoff et al., 2012 [42]
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Overlapping white matter volume and areas of thin cortex suggest shared neurodevelopment
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Pharmacotherapeutics
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Suppes et al., 1991 [43]; Schulz et al., 1999 [44]; Baldessarini et al., 1999 [45]; Leucht et al., 2006 [46]
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Lithium can be used as monotherapy or for augmentation of antipsychotics in bipolar disorder but ineffective in schizophrenia
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Casey et al., 2003 [47]
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Divalproex prescribed for acute mania but minimal efficacy in schizophrenia
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Tiihonen et al., 2003 [48]; Kremer et al., 2004 [49]; Zoccali et al., 2007 [50]; Goff et al., 2007 [51]
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Initial reports of lamotrigine positive in add-on schizophrenia, but no better than placebo in multicenter, randomized trials
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Post et al., 1999 [52]
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Unexpected broad efficacy across psychotic disorders for second generation antipsychotics
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