|
Abdellaoui et al.[42]
|
ALM + sham NMES to quadriceps and hamstrings
|
ALM + NMES to quadriceps and hamstrings (BL): 60 min/day × 5 days/week × 6 weeks
|
Frequency: 35 Hz
|
Muscle strength (dynamometry)
|
Quadriceps strength increased more for N than C (p < 0.01)
|
|
Pulse duration: 400 μs
|
|
Intensity: 15-32 mA for quadriceps, 22-47 mA for hamstrings (start-end)
|
|
Gerovasili et al.[25]
|
Usual care
|
Usual care + NMES to quadriceps and peroneus longus (BL): 55 min/day × 8 days
|
Frequency: 45 Hz
|
Muscle thickness (US)
|
Rectus femoris and vastus intermedius (right side) thickness decreased less for N than C (p < 0.05); d = 0.11-0.39 (small-moderate)
|
|
Pulse duration: 400 μs
|
|
On-off ratio: 12-6 s
|
|
Intensity: 37-38 mA (mean)
|
|
Gruther et al.[43]
|
Sham NMES
|
NMES to quadriceps (BL): 30-60 min/day × 5 days/week × 4 weeks
|
Frequency: 50 Hz
|
Muscle thickness (US)
|
Quadriceps thickness increased only for N (long-term patients) (p < 0.13); d = 0.36 (moderate)
|
|
Pulse duration: 350 μs
|
|
On-off ratio: 8-24 s
|
|
Intensity: tolerance
|
|
Karatzanos et al.[34]
|
Usual care
|
Usual care + NMES to quadriceps and peroneus longus (BL): 55 min/day × 7 days/week until ICU discharge
|
Frequency: 45 Hz
|
Muscle strength (MRC)
|
MRC scores for wrist flexion, hip flexion, ankle dorsiflexion (p < 0.05) and knee extension (p < 0.01) were greater for N than C
|
|
Pulse duration: 400 μs
|
|
On-off ratio: 12-6 s
|
|
Intensity: motor threshold
|
|
Poulsen et al.[44]
|
Contralateral side acted as control
|
NMES to quadriceps (UL): 60 min/day × 7 days
|
Frequency: 35 Hz
|
Muscle volume (CT)
|
Quadriceps volume decreased for both C and N, with no difference between sides (p = 0.1)
|
|
Pulse duration: 300 μs
|
|
On-off ratio: 4-6 s
|
|
Intensity: motor threshold
|
|
+50% (adjusted daily)
|
|
Rodríguez et al.[45]
|
Contralateral side acted as control
|
NMES to biceps brachii and quadriceps (UL): 2 × 30 min/day × 13 days
|
Frequency: 100 Hz
|
Muscle strength (MRC)
|
MRC scores for elbow flexion (p = 0.005) and knee extension (p = 0.034) were greater for N than C. Biceps thickness was unchanged
|
|
Pulse duration: 300 μs
|
|
On-off ratio: 2-4 s
|
Muscle thickness (US)
|
|
Voltage: 20-200 V
|
|
Routsi et al.[35]
|
Usual care
|
Usual care + NMES to quadriceps and peroneus longus (BL): 55 min/day × 7 days/week until ICU discharge
|
Frequency: 45 Hz
|
Muscle strength (MRC)
|
Global MRC score was greater for N than C (p = 0.04)
|
|
Pulse duration: 400 μs
|
|
On-off ratio: 12-6 s
|
|
Intensity: motor threshold
|
|
Zanotti et al.[46]
|
ALM: 5 days/week × 4 weeks
|
ALM + NMES to quadriceps and glutei (BL): 25-30 min/day × 5 days/week × 4 weeks
|
Frequency: 8-35 Hz
|
Muscle strength (MRC)
|
MRC score increased more for N than C (p < 0.02); d = 1.44 (large)
|
|
Pulse duration: 250-350 μs
|
|
Intensity: motor threshold
|
