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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants by frequency of nut consumption

From: Frequency of nut consumption and mortality risk in the PREDIMED nutrition intervention trial

Variable

Baseline frequency of nut consumption

 

Never (n = 2,118)

1 to 3 servings/week (n = 2,803)

>3 servings/week (n = 2,295)

Pvalue

Age, years

67 ± 6

66 ± 6

67 ± 6

<0.001

Men, % (n)

36 (773)

43 (1,219)

47 (1,079)

<0.001

BMI, kg/m2

30.6 ± 4.0

29.9 ± 3.7

29.4 ± 3.7

<0.001

Weight, kg

77.2 ± 12.0

77.1 ± 12.1

75.8 ± 11.6

<0.001

Waist circumference, cm

101.5 ± 10.5

100.7 ± 10.4

99.2 ± 10.0

<0.001

Leisure-time energy expenditure in physical activity, MET-min/day

195 ± 220

231 ± 232

264 ± 257

<0.001

Smoking status, % (n)

   

<0.001

 Never

64 (1,367)

61 (1,708)

59 (1,364)

 

 Current

14 (310)

14 (402)

12 (292)

 

 Former

21 (441)

24 (693)

28 (639)

 

Educational level, % (n)

   

<0.001

 Illiterate/primary education

82 (1,740)

76 (2,131)

75 (1,733)

 

 Secondary education

12 (266)

16 (451)

16 (379)

 

 Academic/graduate

5 (112)

8 (221)

8 (183)

 

Diabetes, % (n)

53 (1,118)

47 (1,338)

46 (1,071)

<0.001

Hypertension, % (n)

83 (1,763)

83 (2,320)

82 (1,887)

0.670

Hypercholesterolemia, % (n)

70 (1,479)

73 (2,044)

73 (1,689)

0.012

Medication use, % (n)

    

 Oral antidiabetic drugs

36 (760)

31 (884)

29 (679)

<0.001

 Antihypertensive drugs

75 (1,587)

72 (2,037)

71 (1,624)

0.008

 Statins

48 (1,022)

48 (1,364)

47 (1,093)

0.761

Modified MedDiet score (13-point score)

8.1 ± 1.7

8.2 ± 1.8

8.6 ± 1.7

<0.001

Total energy intake, g/day

2,060 ± 529

2,222 ± 514

2,416 ± 537

<0.001

Nuts, g/day

0

4.9 ± 2.3

25.7 ± 14.4

<0.001

Alcohol, g/day

6.6 ± 13.4

8.4 ± 13.8

9.7 ± 14.7

<0.001

Vegetables, g/day

317 ± 144

329 ± 145

355 ± 149

<0.001

Fruit, g/day

344 ± 200

354 ± 195

407 ± 204

<0.001

Red meat (beef, pork, lamb), g/day

70.4 ± 44.3

79.1 ± 46.1

78.6 ± 46.2

<0.001

White meat (chicken, rabbit, turkey), g/day

44.6 ± 28.5

45.1 ± 27.1

44.5 ± 27.6

0.720

Eggs, g/day

19.4 ± 10.9

20.4 ± 11.5

20.0 ± 10.6

0.010

Fish, g/day

91.8 ± 47.8

99.9 ± 48.9

105.2 ± 53.7

<0.001

Dairy products, g/day

387 ± 224

374 ± 216

381 ± 222

0.095

  1. Data are expressed as mean ± SD or percentage (n). P value for comparisons across servings of nut consumption (Pearson χ2 test for categorical variables or one-way analysis of variance for continuous variable) as appropriate.
  2. BMI, body mass index.