From: Frequency of nut consumption and mortality risk in the PREDIMED nutrition intervention trial
Variable | Baseline frequency of nut consumption | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Never (n = 2,118) | 1 to 3 servings/week (n = 2,803) | >3 servings/week (n = 2,295) | Pvalue | |
Age, years | 67 ± 6 | 66 ± 6 | 67 ± 6 | <0.001 |
Men, % (n) | 36 (773) | 43 (1,219) | 47 (1,079) | <0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 30.6 ± 4.0 | 29.9 ± 3.7 | 29.4 ± 3.7 | <0.001 |
Weight, kg | 77.2 ± 12.0 | 77.1 ± 12.1 | 75.8 ± 11.6 | <0.001 |
Waist circumference, cm | 101.5 ± 10.5 | 100.7 ± 10.4 | 99.2 ± 10.0 | <0.001 |
Leisure-time energy expenditure in physical activity, MET-min/day | 195 ± 220 | 231 ± 232 | 264 ± 257 | <0.001 |
Smoking status, % (n) | <0.001 | |||
Never | 64 (1,367) | 61 (1,708) | 59 (1,364) | |
Current | 14 (310) | 14 (402) | 12 (292) | |
Former | 21 (441) | 24 (693) | 28 (639) | |
Educational level, % (n) | <0.001 | |||
Illiterate/primary education | 82 (1,740) | 76 (2,131) | 75 (1,733) | |
Secondary education | 12 (266) | 16 (451) | 16 (379) | |
Academic/graduate | 5 (112) | 8 (221) | 8 (183) | |
Diabetes, % (n) | 53 (1,118) | 47 (1,338) | 46 (1,071) | <0.001 |
Hypertension, % (n) | 83 (1,763) | 83 (2,320) | 82 (1,887) | 0.670 |
Hypercholesterolemia, % (n) | 70 (1,479) | 73 (2,044) | 73 (1,689) | 0.012 |
Medication use, % (n) | ||||
Oral antidiabetic drugs | 36 (760) | 31 (884) | 29 (679) | <0.001 |
Antihypertensive drugs | 75 (1,587) | 72 (2,037) | 71 (1,624) | 0.008 |
Statins | 48 (1,022) | 48 (1,364) | 47 (1,093) | 0.761 |
Modified MedDiet score (13-point score) | 8.1 ± 1.7 | 8.2 ± 1.8 | 8.6 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
Total energy intake, g/day | 2,060 ± 529 | 2,222 ± 514 | 2,416 ± 537 | <0.001 |
Nuts, g/day | 0 | 4.9 ± 2.3 | 25.7 ± 14.4 | <0.001 |
Alcohol, g/day | 6.6 ± 13.4 | 8.4 ± 13.8 | 9.7 ± 14.7 | <0.001 |
Vegetables, g/day | 317 ± 144 | 329 ± 145 | 355 ± 149 | <0.001 |
Fruit, g/day | 344 ± 200 | 354 ± 195 | 407 ± 204 | <0.001 |
Red meat (beef, pork, lamb), g/day | 70.4 ± 44.3 | 79.1 ± 46.1 | 78.6 ± 46.2 | <0.001 |
White meat (chicken, rabbit, turkey), g/day | 44.6 ± 28.5 | 45.1 ± 27.1 | 44.5 ± 27.6 | 0.720 |
Eggs, g/day | 19.4 ± 10.9 | 20.4 ± 11.5 | 20.0 ± 10.6 | 0.010 |
Fish, g/day | 91.8 ± 47.8 | 99.9 ± 48.9 | 105.2 ± 53.7 | <0.001 |
Dairy products, g/day | 387 ± 224 | 374 ± 216 | 381 ± 222 | 0.095 |