Table 2 Hazard ratios of total mortality according to the frequency of nut consumption (including and not including walnuts)

Frequency of total nut consumption:

n = 2,118

n = 2,803

n = 2,295

All causes of death, % (n)

5.6 (119)

4.2 (117)

3.8 (87)

Person-years, n

8,724

12,168

10,185

Crude model

1 (Reference)

0.68 (0.52 to 0.88)

0.60 (0.45 to 0.79)

0.005

Multivariable model 1

1 (Reference)

0.68 (0.52 to 0.89)

0.55 (0.41 to 0.73)

0.001

Multivariable model 2

1 (Reference)

0.69 (0.53 to 0.91)

0.59 (0.43 to 0.79)

0.005

Multivariable model 3

1 (Reference)

0.71 (0.54 to 0.93)

0.61 (0.45 to 0.83)

0.012

Frequency of walnut consumption:

n = 2,916

n = 2,547

n = 1,753

All causes of death, % (n)

5.6 (164)

3.9 (100)

3.4 (59)

Person-years, n

12,124

11,122

7,825

Crude model

1 (Reference)

0.64 (0.50 to 0.83)

0.54 (0.40 to 0.73)

<0.001

Multivariable model 1

1 (Reference)

0.66 (0.51 to 0.85)

0.50 (0.37 to 0.68)

<0.001

Multivariable model 2

1 (Reference)

0.65 (0.50 to 0.84)

0.53 (0.39 to 0.73)

<0.001

Multivariable model 3

1 (Reference)

0.66 (0.51 to 0.86)

0.55 (0.40 to 0.76)

<0.001

Frequency of consumption of other nuts (excluding walnuts):

n = 3,308

n = 2,643

n = 1,265

All causes of death, % (n)

5.0 (166)

4.1 (109)

3.8 (48)

Person-years, n

13,936

11,573

5,566

Crude model

1 (Reference)

0.77 (0.60 to 0.98)

0.71 (0.52 to 0.98)

0.068

Multivariable model 1

1 (Reference)

0.75 (0.59 to 0.96)

0.62 (0.44 to 0.86)

0.010

Multivariable model 2

1 (Reference)

0.78 (0.61 to 1.00)

0.64 (0.45 to 0.90)

0.021

Multivariable model 3

1 (Reference)

0.80 (0.62 to 1.03)

0.66 (0.46 to 0.93)

0.031