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Table 2 Rate ratios for immune-mediated diseases following admission for rickets, osteomalacia or vitamin D deficiency, combined

From: Hospital admissions for vitamin D related conditions and subsequent immune-mediated disease: record-linkage studies

Disease

O

E

RR (95% CI)

P-value

Addison’s disease

21

3

7.2 (4.4 to 11.0)

<0.001

Ankylosing spondylitis1

16

8.2

2.0 (1.1 to 3.2)

0.01

Asthma (aged 5 to 54)2

150

375.5

0.4 (0.3 to 0.5)

<0.001

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

6

2.2

2.7 (1.0 to 5.9)

0.03

Chronic active hepatitis

6

1

6.2 (2.3 to 13.5)

<0.001

Celiac disease3

78

14.3

5.5 (4.3 to 6.9)

<0.001

Crohn’s disease3

47

17.9

2.6 (1.9 to 3.5)

<0.001

Diabetes mellitus (aged 0 to 29)4

7

1.8

3.9 (1.6 to 8.1)

<0.001

Hashimoto’s

6

2.8

2.1 (0.8 to 4.6)

0.11

Idiopathic thrombocyt. purpura

11

8.3

1.3 (0.7 to 2.4)

0.44

Multiple sclerosis5

15

13.1

1.1 (0.6 to 1.9)

0.7

Myxoedema

335

520.4

0.6 (0.6 to 0.7)

<0.001

Pemphigoid

13

4.9

2.7 (1.4 to 4.5)

0.001

Pernicious anemia

60

35.7

1.7 (1.3 to 2.2)

<0.001

Polymyositis

5

1

5.1 (1.6 to 11.9)

<0.001

Primary biliary cirrhosis

12

4.4

2.8 (1.4 to 4.8)

0.001

Psoriasis

29

44.2

0.7 (0.4 to 0.9)

0.03

Rheumatoid arthritis1

158

126.2

1.3 (1.1 to 1.5)

0.005

Scleroderma

6

3.4

1.8 (0.7 to 3.9)

0.25

Sjogren’s syndrome

20

9.4

2.1 (1.3 to 3.3)

0.001

Systemic lupus erythematosus

33

8.1

4.1 (2.8 to 5.8)

<0.001

Thyrotoxicosis

100

57.7

1.7 (1.4 to 2.1)

<0.001

Ulcerative colitis3

32

25.2

1.3 (0.9 to 1.8)

0.21

  1. O Observed number of cases, E Expected number, RR Rate ratio, 95% CI 95% Confidence interval.
  2. 1Hip replacement and knee replacement were excluded from the reference cohort.
  3. 2Nasal polyp and deflected septum were excluded from the reference cohort.
  4. 3Hemorrhoids, appendectomy and cholelithiasis were excluded from the reference cohort.
  5. 4Cataracts were excluded from the reference cohort.
  6. 5Limb fractures, dislocations, superficial injury, squint and head injury were excluded from the reference cohort.
  7. Diseases studied, but with fewer than five observed cases: dermatomyositis, Goodpasture’s syndrome, myasthenia gravis, pemphigus, polyarteritis nodosa.