|
Characteristic
|
All
|
Boys
|
Girls
|
Pvalue
|
|---|
|
Group 2 to 6 years
|
n = 994
|
n = 524
|
n = 470
| |
|
Age, years
|
4.4 ± 0.8
|
4.5 ± 0.8
|
4.4 ± 0.8
|
0.226
|
|
Body mass, kg
|
18.3 ± 3.5
|
18.5 ± 3.5
|
18.0 ± 3.4
|
0.011
|
|
Height, cm
|
107.2 ± 7.4
|
107.8 ± 7.4
|
106.6 ± 7.5
|
0.011
|
|
BMI, kg/m2a
|
15.8 ± 1.7
|
15.9 ± 1.6
|
15.7 ± 1.8
|
0.170
|
|
Sum of two skinfolds, mma
|
16.5 ± 5.0
|
15.3 ±54.3
|
17.7 ± 5.3
|
<0.001b
|
|
DBP, mmHg
|
62.1 ± 6.2
|
62.0 ± 6.1
|
62.2 ± 6.3
|
0.617
|
|
SBP, mmHg
|
97.4 ± 8.4
|
97.7 ± 8.5
|
97.1 ± 8.2
|
0.238
|
|
Glucose, mmol/l
|
4.51 ± 0.51
|
4.55 ± 0.54
|
4.46 ± 0.48
|
0.010
|
|
Insulin, pmol/la
|
22.64 ± 18.47
|
21.39 ± 17.36
|
24.10 ± 19.52
|
0.011
|
|
HOMA-IRa
|
0.68 ± 0.62
|
0.65 ± 0.57
|
0.72 ± 0.66
|
0.011
|
|
Cholesterol, mmol/l
|
4.02 ± 0.73
|
3.99 ± 0.72
|
4.06 ± 0.74
|
0.127
|
|
HDL-c, mmol/l
|
1.23 ± 0.34
|
1.29 ± 0.33
|
1.19 ± 0.35
|
0.001b
|
|
Triglycerides, mmol/l
|
0.46 ± 0.25
|
0.45 ± 0.23
|
0.48 ± 0.28
|
0.188
|
|
Light PA, min/daya
|
395 ± 65
|
400 ± 65
|
390 ± 66
|
0.019
|
|
Moderate PA, min/daya
|
31 ± 16
|
34 ± 17
|
27 ± 14
|
<0.001b
|
|
Vigorous PA, min/daya
|
5 ± 5
|
6 ± 6
|
5 ± 5
|
0.281
|
|
MVPA, min/daya
|
36 ± 20
|
39 ± 21
|
32 ± 17
|
<0.001b
|
|
Total PA, cpm
|
598 ± 174
|
627 ± 179
|
565 ± 162
|
<0.001b
|
|
CVD risk score CRFs
|
0.02 ± 2.74
|
0.01 ± 2.70
|
0.03 ± 2.77
|
0.879
|
|
Group 6 to 9 years
|
n = 2,025
|
n = 1,038
|
n = 987
| |
|
Age, years
|
7.6 ± 0.8
|
7.6 ± 0.8
|
7.6 ± 0.8
|
0.926
|
|
Body mass, kg
|
27.7 ± 6.7
|
28.0 ± 6.9
|
27.5 ± 6.3
|
0.088
|
|
Height, cm
|
127.5 ± 7.3
|
128.2 ± 7.4
|
126.9 ± 7.3
|
<0.001b
|
|
BMI, kg/m2a
|
16.9 ± 2.9
|
16.9 ± 3.0
|
16.9 ± 2.8
|
0.618
|
|
Sum of two skinfolds, mma
|
19.8 ± 9.5
|
18.3 ± 9.2
|
21.4 ± 9.2
|
0.070
|
|
DBP, mmHg
|
64.2 ± 6.5
|
64.0 ± 6.7
|
64.5 ± 6.3
|
0.018
|
|
SBP, mmHg
|
103.2 ± 8.7
|
103.7 ± 8.7
|
102.8 ± 8.6
|
0.070
|
|
Glucose: mmol/l
|
4.81 ± 0.52
|
4.88 ± 0.52
|
4.75 ± 0.49
|
<0.001b
|
|
Insulin, pmol/la
|
35.84 ± 24.65
|
33.41 ± 22.43
|
38.34 ± 24.93
|
<0.001b
|
|
HOMA-IRa
|
1.13 ± 0.83
|
1.07 ± 0.77
|
1.20 ± 0.84
|
<0.001b
|
|
Cholesterol, mmol/l
|
4.19 ± 0.83
|
4.11 ± 0.77
|
4.28 ± 0.84
|
<0.001b
|
|
HDL-c, mmol/l
|
1.40 ± 0.38
|
1.42 ± 0.39
|
1.38 ± 0.37
|
0.016
|
|
Triglycerides, mmol/l
|
0.47 ± 0.26
|
0.45 ± 0.24
|
0.49 ± 0.29
|
<0.001b
|
|
Light PA, min/daya
|
364 ± 64
|
364 ± 63
|
364 ± 17
|
0.940
|
|
Moderate PA, min/daya
|
35 ± 17
|
41 ± 19
|
30 ± 12
|
<0.001b
|
|
Vigorous PA, min/daya
|
8 ± 6
|
8 ± 6
|
7 ± 8
|
0.001b
|
|
MVPA, min/daya
|
43 ± 22
|
49 ± 23
|
37 ± 18
|
<0.001b
|
|
Total PA, cpm
|
581 ± 169
|
609 ± 175
|
553 ± 157
|
<0.001b
|
|
Cardiorespiratory fitness, ml/kg/minc
|
41.7 ± 14.5
|
42.2 ± 14.3
|
41.3 ± 13.8
|
0.01
|
|
Stages (total number)
|
1.9 ± 1.3
|
2.1 ± 1.5
|
1.7 ± 1.1
|
<0.001b
|
|
CVD risk score CRFs
|
0.13 ± 3.11
|
0.09 ± 3.03
|
0.18 ± 3.19
|
0.501
|
|
CVD risk score CRFs + fitc
|
−0.28 ± 3.26
|
−0.26 ± 3.016
|
−0.31 ± 3.36
|
0.775
|
- CVD risk score CRFs includes SBP, HOMA-IR, ratio cholesterol/HDL-c, triglycerides and sum of two skinfolds; CVD risk score CRFs + fit added cardiorespiratory fitness.
-
aNon-transformed data are presented in this table but analyses were performed on log-transformed data.
-
bSignificant differences after to apply the Bonferroni correction factor for multiple tests.
-
cSample size including cardiorespiratory fitness was 835 participants (414 boys).
-
BMI body mass index, CRF CVD risk factor, CVD cardiovascular disease, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HDL high-density lipoprotein, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment, MVPA moderate + vigorous PA, PA physical activity, SBP systolic blood pressure.
