Physical activity and clustered cardiovascular disease risk factors in young children: a cross-sectional study (the IDEFICS study)

David Jiménez-Pavón; Kenn Konstabel; Patrick Bergman; Wolfgang Ahrens; Hermann Pohlabeln; Charalampos Hadjigeorgiou; Alfonso Siani; Licia Iacoviello; Dénes Molnár; Stefaan De Henauw; Yannis Pitsiladis; Luis A Moreno

doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-172

Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of the study participants

From: Physical activity and clustered cardiovascular disease risk factors in young children: a cross-sectional study (the IDEFICS study)

Characteristic	All	Boys	Girls	Pvalue
Group 2 to 6 years	n = 994	n = 524	n = 470
Age, years	4.4 ± 0.8	4.5 ± 0.8	4.4 ± 0.8	0.226
Body mass, kg	18.3 ± 3.5	18.5 ± 3.5	18.0 ± 3.4	0.011
Height, cm	107.2 ± 7.4	107.8 ± 7.4	106.6 ± 7.5	0.011
BMI, kg/m^2a	15.8 ± 1.7	15.9 ± 1.6	15.7 ± 1.8	0.170
Sum of two skinfolds, mm^a	16.5 ± 5.0	15.3 ±54.3	17.7 ± 5.3	<0.001^b
DBP, mmHg	62.1 ± 6.2	62.0 ± 6.1	62.2 ± 6.3	0.617
SBP, mmHg	97.4 ± 8.4	97.7 ± 8.5	97.1 ± 8.2	0.238
Glucose, mmol/l	4.51 ± 0.51	4.55 ± 0.54	4.46 ± 0.48	0.010
Insulin, pmol/l^a	22.64 ± 18.47	21.39 ± 17.36	24.10 ± 19.52	0.011
HOMA-IR^a	0.68 ± 0.62	0.65 ± 0.57	0.72 ± 0.66	0.011
Cholesterol, mmol/l	4.02 ± 0.73	3.99 ± 0.72	4.06 ± 0.74	0.127
HDL-c, mmol/l	1.23 ± 0.34	1.29 ± 0.33	1.19 ± 0.35	0.001^b
Triglycerides, mmol/l	0.46 ± 0.25	0.45 ± 0.23	0.48 ± 0.28	0.188
Light PA, min/day^a	395 ± 65	400 ± 65	390 ± 66	0.019
Moderate PA, min/day^a	31 ± 16	34 ± 17	27 ± 14	<0.001^b
Vigorous PA, min/day^a	5 ± 5	6 ± 6	5 ± 5	0.281
MVPA, min/day^a	36 ± 20	39 ± 21	32 ± 17	<0.001^b
Total PA, cpm	598 ± 174	627 ± 179	565 ± 162	<0.001^b
CVD risk score CRFs	0.02 ± 2.74	0.01 ± 2.70	0.03 ± 2.77	0.879
Group 6 to 9 years	n = 2,025	n = 1,038	n = 987
Age, years	7.6 ± 0.8	7.6 ± 0.8	7.6 ± 0.8	0.926
Body mass, kg	27.7 ± 6.7	28.0 ± 6.9	27.5 ± 6.3	0.088
Height, cm	127.5 ± 7.3	128.2 ± 7.4	126.9 ± 7.3	<0.001^b
BMI, kg/m^2a	16.9 ± 2.9	16.9 ± 3.0	16.9 ± 2.8	0.618
Sum of two skinfolds, mm^a	19.8 ± 9.5	18.3 ± 9.2	21.4 ± 9.2	0.070
DBP, mmHg	64.2 ± 6.5	64.0 ± 6.7	64.5 ± 6.3	0.018
SBP, mmHg	103.2 ± 8.7	103.7 ± 8.7	102.8 ± 8.6	0.070
Glucose: mmol/l	4.81 ± 0.52	4.88 ± 0.52	4.75 ± 0.49	<0.001^b
Insulin, pmol/l^a	35.84 ± 24.65	33.41 ± 22.43	38.34 ± 24.93	<0.001^b
HOMA-IR^a	1.13 ± 0.83	1.07 ± 0.77	1.20 ± 0.84	<0.001^b
Cholesterol, mmol/l	4.19 ± 0.83	4.11 ± 0.77	4.28 ± 0.84	<0.001^b
HDL-c, mmol/l	1.40 ± 0.38	1.42 ± 0.39	1.38 ± 0.37	0.016
Triglycerides, mmol/l	0.47 ± 0.26	0.45 ± 0.24	0.49 ± 0.29	<0.001^b
Light PA, min/day^a	364 ± 64	364 ± 63	364 ± 17	0.940
Moderate PA, min/day^a	35 ± 17	41 ± 19	30 ± 12	<0.001^b
Vigorous PA, min/day^a	8 ± 6	8 ± 6	7 ± 8	0.001^b
MVPA, min/day^a	43 ± 22	49 ± 23	37 ± 18	<0.001^b
Total PA, cpm	581 ± 169	609 ± 175	553 ± 157	<0.001^b
Cardiorespiratory fitness, ml/kg/min^c	41.7 ± 14.5	42.2 ± 14.3	41.3 ± 13.8	0.01
Stages (total number)	1.9 ± 1.3	2.1 ± 1.5	1.7 ± 1.1	<0.001^b
CVD risk score CRFs	0.13 ± 3.11	0.09 ± 3.03	0.18 ± 3.19	0.501
CVD risk score CRFs + fit^c	−0.28 ± 3.26	−0.26 ± 3.016	−0.31 ± 3.36	0.775

CVD risk score CRFs includes SBP, HOMA-IR, ratio cholesterol/HDL-c, triglycerides and sum of two skinfolds; CVD risk score CRFs + fit added cardiorespiratory fitness.
^aNon-transformed data are presented in this table but analyses were performed on log-transformed data.
^bSignificant differences after to apply the Bonferroni correction factor for multiple tests.
^cSample size including cardiorespiratory fitness was 835 participants (414 boys).
BMI body mass index, CRF CVD risk factor, CVD cardiovascular disease, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HDL high-density lipoprotein, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment, MVPA moderate + vigorous PA, PA physical activity, SBP systolic blood pressure.

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