From: Comparing sociocultural features of cholera in three endemic African settings
Category | SE-DRC, n = 360 | Western Kenya, n = 379 | Zanzibar, n = 356 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | Total reported | Prominence | Â | Total reported | Prominence | Â | Total reported | Prominence | Â | ||||||
Dirty environment*** | 93.3 | 1.83 | Â | 96.3 | 1.97 | Â | 97.8 | 2.99 | Â | ||||||
Drinking contaminated water*** | 94.7 | 2.68 | Â | 95.5 | 2.21 | Â | 95.2 | 1.65 | Â | ||||||
Eating unprotected/spoiled food*** | 94.7 | 1.94 | Â | 93.1 | 1.75 | Â | 94.9 | 1.44 | Â | ||||||
Flies* | 95.3 | 1.44 | Â | 96.0 | 1.30 | Â | 96.9 | 1.60 | Â | ||||||
Lack of latrinesa*** | 93.3 | 1.72 | Â | 95.8 | 1.79 | Â | NA | NA | Â | ||||||
Site comparison | Urban | Rural | P value | Urban | Rural | P value | Urban | Rural | P value | ||||||
Total reported | Prominence | Total reported | Prominence | Total reported | Prominence | Total reported | Prominence | Total reported | Prominence | Total reported | Prominence | ||||
Contact with contaminated water | 84.4 | 1.17 | 89.4 | 1.12 | 0.657 | 55.8 | 0.64 | 63.0 | 0.75 | 0.115 | 85.5 | 1.07 | 91.0 | 1.58 | <0.001 |
Dirty environment | 91.7 | 1.83 | 95.0 | 1.82 | 0.631 | 97.9 | 2.29 | 94.7 | 1.63 | <0.001 | 99.4 | 3.68 | 96.0 | 2.30 | <0.001 |
Drinking contaminated water | 93.3 | 2.34 | 96.1 | 3.02 | <0.001 | 97.4 | 2.18 | 93.7 | 2.23 | 0.778 | 96.1 | 1.65 | 94.4 | 1.66 | 0.384 |
Eating forbidden food | 20.6 | 0.23 | 13.3 | 0.15 | 0.094 | 11.6 | 0.12 | 14.8 | 0.15 | 0.365 | 27.4 | 0.27 | 54.8 | 0.48 | <0.001 |
Eating soil | 53.9 | 0.65 | 41.7 | 0.45 | 0.006 | 60.0 | 0.60 | 52.4 | 0.52 | 0.136 | 36.9 | 0.37 | 48.6 | 0.49 | 0.023 |
Eating unprotected/spoiled food | 92.8 | 1.89 | 96.7 | 1.99 | 0.100 | 95.3 | 1.75 | 91.0 | 1.74 | 0.432 | 95.5 | 1.60 | 94.4 | 1.27 | <0.001 |
Flies | 93.3 | 1.37 | 97.2 | 1.52 | 0.236 | 96.3 | 1.35 | 95.8 | 1.25 | 0.004 | 99.4 | 1.62 | 94.4 | 1.58 | 0.163 |
God’s will | 40.0 | 0.56 | 42.2 | 0.55 | 0.668 | 8.9 | 0.09 | 7.4 | 0.07 | 0.586 | 93.3 | 1.22 | 86.4 | 1.83 | 0.001 |
Malaria | 26.1 | 0.30 | 20.0 | 0.21 | 0.115 | 19.5 | 0.21 | 24.9 | 0.25 | 0.243 | 15.1 | 0.15 | 48.0 | 0.49 | <0.001 |
Witchcraft | 47.8 | 0.64 | 69.4 | 0.86 | <0.001 | 9.5 | 0.09 | 11.6 | 0.12 | 0.494 | 20.7 | 0.21 | 45.8 | 0.50 | <0.001 |
Worms | 36.1 | 0.39 | 36.7 | 0.39 | 0.976 | 23.2 | 0.24 | 39.7 | 0.40 | 0.001 | 13.4 | 0.13 | 46.9 | 0.47 | <0.001 |
Cannot say | 4.4 | 0.11 | 3.9 | 0.14 | 0.638 | 2.1 | 0.42 | 11.6 | 0.77 | 0.005 | 1.1 | 0.02 | 13.6 | 0.27 | <0.001 |
Gender comparison | Female | Male | P value | Female | Male | P value | Female | Male | P value | ||||||
Total reported | Prominence | Total reported | Prominence | Total reported | Prominence | Total reported | Prominence | Total reported | Prominence | Total reported | Prominence | ||||
Dirty environment | 92.3 | 1.77 | 94.4 | 1.89 | 0.251 | 96.9 | 1.84 | 95.7 | 2.10 | 0.043 | 97.8 | 2.91 | 97.7 | 3.07 | 0.334 |
Eating soil | 51.9 | 0.61 | 43.6 | 0.49 | 0.092 | 45.4 | 0.45 | 67.6 | 0.68 | <0.001 | 43.6 | 0.44 | 41.8 | 0.42 | 0.772 |
Cannot say | 5.0 | 0.15 | 3.4 | 0.10 | 0.620 | 7.7 | 0.65 | 5.9 | 0.54 | 0.476 | 11.2 | 0.22 | 3.4 | 0.07 | 0.005 |