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Table 1 Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of participants according to hypnotic use at baseline

From: Hypnotics and mortality in an elderly general population: a 12-year prospective study

  

Hypnotic use

  

No N = 5,242

Yes N = 1,454

Variable

 

n

%

n

%

Odds ratio [95% CI]a

P

High level of educationb

No

4,136

78.90

1,245

85.63

1

0.0006

 

Yes

1,106

21.10

209

14.37

0.75 [0.63;0.88]

 

Living alone

Yes

1,610

30.71

605

41.61

1

0.06

 

No

3,632

69.29

849

58.39

0.88 [0.77;1.01]

 

Confinement

No

5,025

95.86

1,314

90.37

1

<0.0001

 

Yes

217

4.14

140

9.63

1.90 [1.51;2.40]

 

Alcohol intake (g/day)

<12

955

18.22

349

24.00

1

0.14

 

12 to 36

3,799

72.47

1,012

69.60

0.86 [0.75;1.00]

 
 

>36

488

9.31

93

6.40

0.92 [0.70;1.22]

 

Caffeine intake (mg/day)

≤125

1,310

24.99

423

29.09

1

0.007

 

125 to 375

3,103

59.19

836

57.50

0.83 [0.73;0.95]

 
 

>375

829

15.81

195

13.41

0.76 [0.62;0.92]

 

Smoking status

Never

3,033

57.86

969

66.64

1

0.38

 

Past

1,901

36.26

402

27.65

0.99 [0.85;1.15]

 
 

Current

308

5.88

83

5.71

1.19 [0.92;1.55]

 

History of cardiovascular diseasec

No

3,902

74.44

945

64.99

1

<0.0001

 

Yes

1,340

25.56

509

35.01

1.59 [1.40;1.81]

 

Respiratory disease

No

4,945

94.33

1,364

93.81

1

0.35

 

Yes

297

5.67

90

6.19

1.13 [0.88;1.44]

 

Thyroid disease

No

4,823

92.01

1,286

88.45

1

0.009

 

Yes

419

7.99

168

11.55

1.29 [1.07;1.57]

 

Depressive symptomatology

No

4,295

81.93

897

61.69

1

<0.0001

 

Yes

947

18.07

557

38.31

2.76 [2.41;3.15]

 

Antidepressants intake

No

5,081

96.93

1,196

82.26

1

<0.0001

 

Yes

161

3.07

258

17.74

6.32 [5.12;7.81]

 

Spielberger trait anxiety

<43

3,688

70.35

715

49.17

1

<0.0001

 

≥43

1,554

29.65

739

50.83

2.33 [2.06;2.64]

 

Mini Mental State Examination Score

≥ 26

4,559

86.97

1,190

81.84

1

<0.0001

 

<26

683

13.03

264

18.16

1.40 [1.20;1.65]

 

Body mass index (kg/m2)

Normal (<25)

2,477

47.25

747

51.38

1

0.41

 

Overweight (25 to 29)

2,106

40.18

515

35.42

0.92 [0.81;1.05]

 
 

Obese (≥30)

659

12.57

192

13.20

1.00 [0.83;1.20]

 

Hypertension

No

2,175

41.49

538

37.00

1

0.08

 

Yes

3,067

58.51

916

63.00

1.12 [0.99;1.27]

 

Diabetes mellitus

No

4,777

91.13

1,314

90.37

1

0.03

 

Yes

465

8.87

140

9.63

1.25 [1.02;1.54]

 

Hypercholesterolemia

No

3,349

63.89

859

59.08

1

0.005

 

Yes

1,893

36.11

595

40.92

1.19 [1.05;1.34]

 

Snoring loudly (n = 5,972)

Never/Rarely

3,021

64.30

863

67.74

1

0.63

 

Frequently/Often

1,677

35.70

411

32.26

0.97 [0.84;1.11]

 

Difficulties in initiating sleep

Never/Rarely

3,760

71.73

641

44.09

1

<0.0001

 

Frequently/Often

1,482

28.27

813

55.91

2.85 [2.51;3.24]

 

Difficulties in maintaining sleep

Never/Rarely

2,029

38.71

455

31.29

1

<0.0001

 

Frequently/Often

3,213

61.29

999

68.71

1.29 [1.14;1.47]

 

Early morning awakening

Never/Rarely

3,565

68.01

740

50.89

1

<0.0001

 

Frequently/Often

1,677

31.99

714

49.11

1.85 [1.64;2.09]

 

Number of insomnia complaintsd

0

1,586

30.26

260

17.88

1

<0.0001

 

1

1,729

32.98

326

22.42

1.15 [0.96;1.38]

 
 

2

1,138

21.71

404

27.79

2.02 [1.70;2.41]

 
 

3

789

15.05

464

31.91

3.07 [2.56;3.68]

 

Excessive daytime sleepiness

Never/Rarely

4,384

83.63

1,165

80.12

1

0.005

 

Frequently/Often

858

16.37

289

19.88

1.25 [1.07;1.47]

 
  1. aAdjustment for center study, age and gender; buniversity level; chistory of cardiovascular disease (stroke or coronary heart disease); dnumber of insomnia complaints: difficulties in initiating sleep + difficulties in maintaining sleep + early morning awakening. CI, confidence interval.