From: Hypnotics and mortality in an elderly general population: a 12-year prospective study
Hypnotic use | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No N = 5,242 | Yes N = 1,454 | ||||||
Variable | n | % | n | % | Odds ratio [95% CI]a | P | |
High level of educationb | No | 4,136 | 78.90 | 1,245 | 85.63 | 1 | 0.0006 |
Yes | 1,106 | 21.10 | 209 | 14.37 | 0.75 [0.63;0.88] | ||
Living alone | Yes | 1,610 | 30.71 | 605 | 41.61 | 1 | 0.06 |
No | 3,632 | 69.29 | 849 | 58.39 | 0.88 [0.77;1.01] | ||
Confinement | No | 5,025 | 95.86 | 1,314 | 90.37 | 1 | <0.0001 |
Yes | 217 | 4.14 | 140 | 9.63 | 1.90 [1.51;2.40] | ||
Alcohol intake (g/day) | <12 | 955 | 18.22 | 349 | 24.00 | 1 | 0.14 |
12 to 36 | 3,799 | 72.47 | 1,012 | 69.60 | 0.86 [0.75;1.00] | ||
>36 | 488 | 9.31 | 93 | 6.40 | 0.92 [0.70;1.22] | ||
Caffeine intake (mg/day) | ≤125 | 1,310 | 24.99 | 423 | 29.09 | 1 | 0.007 |
125 to 375 | 3,103 | 59.19 | 836 | 57.50 | 0.83 [0.73;0.95] | ||
>375 | 829 | 15.81 | 195 | 13.41 | 0.76 [0.62;0.92] | ||
Smoking status | Never | 3,033 | 57.86 | 969 | 66.64 | 1 | 0.38 |
Past | 1,901 | 36.26 | 402 | 27.65 | 0.99 [0.85;1.15] | ||
Current | 308 | 5.88 | 83 | 5.71 | 1.19 [0.92;1.55] | ||
History of cardiovascular diseasec | No | 3,902 | 74.44 | 945 | 64.99 | 1 | <0.0001 |
Yes | 1,340 | 25.56 | 509 | 35.01 | 1.59 [1.40;1.81] | ||
Respiratory disease | No | 4,945 | 94.33 | 1,364 | 93.81 | 1 | 0.35 |
Yes | 297 | 5.67 | 90 | 6.19 | 1.13 [0.88;1.44] | ||
Thyroid disease | No | 4,823 | 92.01 | 1,286 | 88.45 | 1 | 0.009 |
Yes | 419 | 7.99 | 168 | 11.55 | 1.29 [1.07;1.57] | ||
Depressive symptomatology | No | 4,295 | 81.93 | 897 | 61.69 | 1 | <0.0001 |
Yes | 947 | 18.07 | 557 | 38.31 | 2.76 [2.41;3.15] | ||
Antidepressants intake | No | 5,081 | 96.93 | 1,196 | 82.26 | 1 | <0.0001 |
Yes | 161 | 3.07 | 258 | 17.74 | 6.32 [5.12;7.81] | ||
Spielberger trait anxiety | <43 | 3,688 | 70.35 | 715 | 49.17 | 1 | <0.0001 |
≥43 | 1,554 | 29.65 | 739 | 50.83 | 2.33 [2.06;2.64] | ||
Mini Mental State Examination Score | ≥ 26 | 4,559 | 86.97 | 1,190 | 81.84 | 1 | <0.0001 |
<26 | 683 | 13.03 | 264 | 18.16 | 1.40 [1.20;1.65] | ||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | Normal (<25) | 2,477 | 47.25 | 747 | 51.38 | 1 | 0.41 |
Overweight (25 to 29) | 2,106 | 40.18 | 515 | 35.42 | 0.92 [0.81;1.05] | ||
Obese (≥30) | 659 | 12.57 | 192 | 13.20 | 1.00 [0.83;1.20] | ||
Hypertension | No | 2,175 | 41.49 | 538 | 37.00 | 1 | 0.08 |
Yes | 3,067 | 58.51 | 916 | 63.00 | 1.12 [0.99;1.27] | ||
Diabetes mellitus | No | 4,777 | 91.13 | 1,314 | 90.37 | 1 | 0.03 |
Yes | 465 | 8.87 | 140 | 9.63 | 1.25 [1.02;1.54] | ||
Hypercholesterolemia | No | 3,349 | 63.89 | 859 | 59.08 | 1 | 0.005 |
Yes | 1,893 | 36.11 | 595 | 40.92 | 1.19 [1.05;1.34] | ||
Snoring loudly (n = 5,972) | Never/Rarely | 3,021 | 64.30 | 863 | 67.74 | 1 | 0.63 |
Frequently/Often | 1,677 | 35.70 | 411 | 32.26 | 0.97 [0.84;1.11] | ||
Difficulties in initiating sleep | Never/Rarely | 3,760 | 71.73 | 641 | 44.09 | 1 | <0.0001 |
Frequently/Often | 1,482 | 28.27 | 813 | 55.91 | 2.85 [2.51;3.24] | ||
Difficulties in maintaining sleep | Never/Rarely | 2,029 | 38.71 | 455 | 31.29 | 1 | <0.0001 |
Frequently/Often | 3,213 | 61.29 | 999 | 68.71 | 1.29 [1.14;1.47] | ||
Early morning awakening | Never/Rarely | 3,565 | 68.01 | 740 | 50.89 | 1 | <0.0001 |
Frequently/Often | 1,677 | 31.99 | 714 | 49.11 | 1.85 [1.64;2.09] | ||
Number of insomnia complaintsd | 0 | 1,586 | 30.26 | 260 | 17.88 | 1 | <0.0001 |
1 | 1,729 | 32.98 | 326 | 22.42 | 1.15 [0.96;1.38] | ||
2 | 1,138 | 21.71 | 404 | 27.79 | 2.02 [1.70;2.41] | ||
3 | 789 | 15.05 | 464 | 31.91 | 3.07 [2.56;3.68] | ||
Excessive daytime sleepiness | Never/Rarely | 4,384 | 83.63 | 1,165 | 80.12 | 1 | 0.005 |
Frequently/Often | 858 | 16.37 | 289 | 19.88 | 1.25 [1.07;1.47] |