Table 2 Baseline predictors of deaths from all causes during follow-up
From: Hypnotics and mortality in an elderly general population: a 12-year prospective study
Deaths-all causes | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No N = 5,389 | Yes N = 1,307 | ||||||
Variable | n | % | n | % | Hazard ratio [95% CI]a | P a | |
High level of educationb | No | 4,337 | 80.48 | 1,044 | 79.88 | 1 | 0.06 |
Yes | 1,052 | 19.52 | 263 | 20.12 | 0.87 [0.76;1.00] | ||
Living alone | Yes | 1,782 | 33.07 | 433 | 33.13 | 1 | 0.84 |
No | 3,607 | 66.93 | 874 | 66.87 | 1.01 [0.89;1.15] | ||
Confinement | No | 5,181 | 96.14 | 1,158 | 88.60 | 1 | 0.0001 |
Yes | 208 | 3.86 | 149 | 11.40 | 1.78 [1.49;2.13] | ||
Alcohol intake (g/day) | <12 | 1,062 | 19.71 | 242 | 18.52 | 1.23 [1.06;1.42] | 0.01 |
12 to 36 | 3,900 | 72.37 | 911 | 69.70 | 1 | ||
>36 | 427 | 7.92 | 154 | 11.78 | 1.14 [0.96;1.36] | ||
Caffeine intake (mg/day) | ≤125 | 1,362 | 25.27 | 371 | 28.39 | 1 | 0.86 |
125 to 375 | 3,164 | 58.71 | 775 | 59.30 | 0.97 [0.85;1.09] | ||
>375 | 863 | 16.01 | 161 | 12.32 | 0.97 [0.81;1.17] | ||
Smoking status | Never | 3,368 | 62.50 | 634 | 48.51 | 1 | <0.0001 |
Past | 1,740 | 32.29 | 563 | 43.08 | 1.22 [1.07;1.40] | ||
Current | 281 | 5.21 | 110 | 8.42 | 1.73 [1.41;2.14] | ||
History of cardiovascular diseasec | No | 4,079 | 75.69 | 768 | 58.76 | 1 | 0.0001 |
Yes | 1,310 | 24.31 | 539 | 41.24 | 1.49 [1.33;1.67] | ||
Respiratory disease | No | 5,121 | 95.03 | 1,188 | 90.90 | 1 | 0.0001 |
Yes | 268 | 4.97 | 119 | 9.10 | 1.64 [1.36;1.98] | ||
Thyroid disease | No | 4,890 | 90.74 | 1,219 | 93.27 | 1 | 0.19 |
Yes | 499 | 9.26 | 88 | 6.73 | 1.16 [0.93;1.45] | ||
Depressive symptomatology | No | 4,209 | 78.10 | 983 | 75.21 | 1 | 0.0005 |
Yes | 1,180 | 21.90 | 324 | 24.79 | 1.26 [1.11;1.43] | ||
Antidepressant use | No | 5,072 | 94.12 | 1,205 | 92.20 | 1 | 0.0002 |
Yes | 317 | 5.88 | 102 | 7.80 | 1.47 [1.20;1.80] | ||
Spielberger trait anxiety | <43 | 3,509 | 65.11 | 894 | 68.40 | 1 | 0.13 |
≥43 | 1,880 | 34.89 | 413 | 31.60 | 1.10 [0.97;1.23] | ||
Mini Mental State Examination Score | ≥ 26 | 4,666 | 86.58 | 1,083 | 82.86 | 1 | 0.005 |
<26 | 723 | 13.42 | 224 | 17.14 | 1.23 [1.07;1.43] | ||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | Normal (<25) | 2,611 | 48.45 | 613 | 46.90 | 1 | 0.0007 |
Overweight (25 to 29) | 2,118 | 39.30 | 503 | 38.49 | 1.01 [0.90;1.14] | ||
Obese (≥30) | 660 | 12.25 | 191 | 14.61 | 1.36 [1.15;1.60] | ||
Hypertension | No | 2,313 | 42.92 | 400 | 30.60 | 1 | 0.002 |
Yes | 3,076 | 57.08 | 907 | 69.40 | 1.21 [1.07;1.36] | ||
Diabetes mellitus | No | 4,965 | 92.13 | 1,126 | 86.15 | 1 | 0.0001 |
Yes | 424 | 7.87 | 181 | 13.85 | 1.58 [1.35;1.85] | ||
Hypercholesterolemia | No | 3,333 | 61.85 | 875 | 66.95 | 1 | 0.99 |
Yes | 2,056 | 38.15 | 432 | 33.05 | 1.00 [0.89;1.12] | ||
Snoring loudly (n = 5,972) | Never/Rarely | 3,114 | 64.93 | 770 | 65.48 | 1 | 0.90 |
Frequently/Often | 1,682 | 35.07 | 406 | 34.52 | 1.01 [0.89;1.14] | ||
Difficulties in initiating sleep | Never/Rarely | 3,506 | 65.06 | 895 | 68.48 | 1 | 0.20 |
Frequently/Often | 1,883 | 34.94 | 412 | 31.52 | 0.92 [0.81;1.04] | ||
Difficulties in maintaining sleep | Never/Rarely | 2,055 | 38.13 | 429 | 32.82 | 1 | 0.26 |
Frequently/Often | 3,334 | 61.87 | 878 | 67.18 | 1.07 [0.95;1.20] | ||
Early morning awakening | Never/Rarely | 3,434 | 63.72 | 871 | 66.64 | 1 | 0.12 |
Frequently/Often | 1,955 | 36.28 | 436 | 33.36 | 0.91 [0.81;1.02] | ||
Number of insomnia complaintsd | 0 | 1,526 | 28.32 | 320 | 24.48 | 1 | 0.07 |
1 | 1,595 | 29.60 | 460 | 35.20 | 1.14 [0.99;1.31] | ||
2 | 1,227 | 22.77 | 315 | 24.10 | 1.08 [0.92;1.26] | ||
3 | 1,041 | 19.32 | 212 | 16.22 | 0.92 [0.77;1.11] | ||
Excessive daytime sleepiness | Never/Rarely | 4,555 | 84.52 | 994 | 76.05 | 1 | 0.003 |
Frequently/Often | 834 | 15.48 | 313 | 23.95 | 1.23 [1.07;1.40] | ||