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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants (n = 2,378)

From: Dietary intake of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of myocardial infarction in coronary artery disease patients with or without diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study

 

Non-diabetes HbA1c <5.7%

n = 1,012

Pre-diabetes HbA1c ≥5.7%

n = 1,049

Diabetesa

n = 317

P b

Age (y)

61.0 ±9.9c

61.8 ±9.5

63.1 ±9.5

0.001

Male sex (n (%))

800 (79.1)

855 (81.5)

256 (80.8)

0.28

Body mass index (kg/m2)

26.5 ±3.4

26.7 ±3.6

28.4 ±4.3

<0.001

Coronary history (n (%))

    

Myocardial infarction

410 (40.5)

432 (41.2)

139 (43.8)

0.34

Percutaneous coronary intervention

209 (20.7)

229 (21.8)

74 (23.3)

0.29

Coronary artery bypass graft surgery

135 (13.3)

150 (14.3)

47 (14.8)

0.44

Coronary risk factors (n (%))

    

Hypertensiond

430 (42.5)

461 (43.9)

217 (68.5)

<0.001

Current smokere

313 (30.9)

339 (32.3)

88 (27.8)

0.57

Serum lipids

    

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.73 ±1.28

1.76 ±1.00

2.17 ±1.27

<0.001

Apolipoprotein A-I (g/L)

1.28 ±0.25

1.24 ±0.25

1.22 ±0.26

<0.001

Apolipoprotein B (g/L)

0.90 ±0.25

0.86 ±0.23

0.88 ±0.22

0.004

Glucose status

    

Glucose (mmol/L)

5.6 ±1.1

5.8 ±1.1

9.8 ±3.4

<0.001

HbA1c (%)

4.9 ±0.6

6.5 ±0.8

7.5 ±1.8

<0.001

Inflammation markers and renal function

    

C-reactive protein (mg/L)f

1.76 (0.85, 3.68)

1.85 (0.89, 4.23)

2.07 (1.00, 4.40)

0.45

Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min)

90.0 ±15.3

90.7 ±14.4

88.8 ±17.5

0.61

LVEF and severity of coronary artery disease at baseline angiography (n (%))

    

LVEF <50%

89 (8.8)

118 (11.2)

44 (13.9)

0.006

Three-vessel disease

316 (31.2)

330 (31.5)

115 (36.3)

0.19

Medication at discharge from hospital (n (%))

    

Statins

889 (87.8)

948 (90.4)

280 (88.3)

0.35

β-blockers

800 (79.1)

817 (77.9)

236 (74.4)

0.11

ACE inhibitors/ARBs

263 (26.0)

330 (31.5)

159 (50.2)

<0.001

Metformin

0 (0)

0 (0)

98 (30.9)

0.98

Sulfonamides

0 (0)

0 (0)

79 (24.9)

0.98

Insulin

0 (0)

0 (0)

77 (24.3)

0.98

Other anti-diabetic drugs

0 (0)

0 (0)

4 (1.3)

0.98

Estimated daily dietary intakes

    

Energy (kJ)

8,790 ±2,560

8,900 ±2,740

8,300 ±2,680

0.06

Total fat (%TE)

31.2 ±5.4

31.4 ±5.4

32.2 ±6.2

0.02

Saturated and trans fat (%TE)

11.6 ±2.6

11.6 ±2.6

11.7 ±2.8

0.35

Monounsaturated fat (%TE)

10.1 ±1.9

10.1 ±1.9

10.5 ±2.2

0.002

Polyunsaturated fat (%TE)

7.0 ±1.9

7.0 ±2.0

7.3 ±2.3

0.07

n-6 PUFAs (g)g

13.3 ±6.3

13.6 ±6.7

13.1 ±6.6

0.96

n-3 PUFAs (g)h

3.23 ±1.54

3.25 ±1.61

3.24 ±1.67

0.89

n-3 LCPUFAs (g)i

1.30 ±1.11

1.28 ±1.05

1.32 ±1.06

0.96

n-3 LCPUFAs (%TE)i

0.56 ±0.44

0.54 ±0.40

0.60 ±0.46

0.45

Use of dietary supplements (n (%))

    

Fish oil

167 (16.5)

171 (16.3)

49 (15.5)

0.69

Cod liver oil

272 (26.9)

294 (28.0)

80 (25.2)

0.83

Folic acid

500 (49.4)

523 (49.9)

161 (50.8)

0.68

Vitamin B6

508 (50.2)

545 (52.0)

145 (45.7)

0.44

  1. aDiabetes was defined as clinically diagnosed, or as having a fasting glucose ≥7.0 or a non-fasting glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L. bCalculated by using linear regression for continuous variables and logistic regression for binary variables. cMean ±SD (all such values). dReceiving medical treatment for hypertension. eCurrent smoker (self-reported, ex-smoker <1 month, or cotinine ≥85 nmol/L). fValues are medians (25th, 75th percentiles). gComposed of linoleic and arachidonic acids. hComposed of α-linolenic acid, EPA, DPA, and DHA. iComposed of EPA, DPA, and DHA. ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; DPA, docosapentaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; n-3 LCPUFAs, n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids; PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids; %TE, percentage of total energy.
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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