Table 1 DNA barcode results listed for individual samples from blind testing of the 44 herbal products and 50 herbal leaf samples representing 42 medicinal species of plants

Achillea millefolium (Yarrow)

HP64C

Achillea millefolium + Medicago sativa ^a

Achillea millefolium + Medicago sativa ^a

Medicago sativa ^a

Achillea millefolium

HP56L

Achillea millefolium

Achillea millefolium

Achillea sp.

Actaea racemosa (Cohosh)

HP42C

Actaea asiatica ^a

Actaea asiatica ^a

Actaea asiatica ^a

Actaea racemosa

HP20C

NS

NS

NS

Actaea racemosa

HP45L

Actaea racemosa

Actaea racemosa

Actaea racemosa

Actaea racemosa

HP74L

Actaea racemosa

Actaea racemosa

Actaea racemosa

Actaea racemosa

HP77L

Actaea racemosa

Actaea racemosa

Actaea racemosa

Amaranthus sp. (Amaranth)

HP89P

Amaranthus sp.

Amaranthus sp.

Amaranthus sp.

Amaranthus albus

HP79L

Amaranthus albus

Amaranthus albus

Amaranthus sp.

Amaranthus retroflexus

HP49L

Amaranthus retroflexus

Amaranthus retroflexus

Amaranthus sp.

Apium graveolens (Celery)

HP34C

Amaryllidaceae + Oryza sativa ^a

Amaryllidaceae ^a

Oryza sativa ^b

Apium graveolens

HP32C

NS

NS

NS

Apium graveolens

HP43C

NS

NS

NS

Apium graveolens

HP13L

Apium graveolens

Apium graveolens

Apiaceae

Apium graveolens

HP5L

Apium graveolens

Apium graveolens

Apiaceae

Apium graveolens

HP51L

Apium graveolens

Apium graveolens

Apiaceae

Arctium lappa (Burdock)

HP6C

Arctium lappa

Arctium lappa

Arctium lappa

Arctium lappa

HP22C

Oryza sativa ^a

Oryza sativa ^b

Oryza sativa ^b

Arctium lappa

HP21C

Ranunculaceae ^a

Ranunculaceae ^a

NS

Arctium lappa

HP4L

Arctium lappa

Arctium lappa

Arctium lappa

Arctium lappa

HP92L

Arctium lappa

Arctium lappa

Arctium lappa

Cinnamomum cassia (Cinnamon)

HP86T

Ranunculaceae ^a

Ranunculaceae ^a

NS

Cinnamomum cassia (Cinnamon)

HP60L

Cinnamomum cassia

Cinnamomum cassia

Cinnamomum sp.

Echinacaea purpurea (Echinacaea)

HP35C

Echinacaea purpurea + Parthenium hysterophorus ^a

Echinacaea purpurea + Parthenium hysterophorus ^a

Asteraceae ^a

Echinacaea purpurea

HP27C

Echinacaea purpurea + Parthenium hysterophorus ^a

Echinacaea purpurea + Parthenium hysterophorus ^a

Asteraceae ^a

Echinacaea purpurea

HP88L

Echinacaea purpurea

Echinacaea purpurea

Echinacaea purpurea

Echinacaea purpurea

HP80L

Echinacaea purpurea

Echinacaea purpurea

Echinacaea purpurea

Echinacaea purpurea

HP70L

Echinacaea purpurea

Echinacaea purpurea

Echinacaea purpurea

Echinacaea purpurea

HP85L

Echinacaea purpurea

Echinacaea purpurea

Echinacaea purpurea

Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo)

HP63C

Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo biloba

HP28C

Juglans nigra ^a

Juglans nigra ^a

NS*

Ginkgo biloba

HP81C

Oryza sativa ^a

Oryza sativa ^b

Oryza sativa ^b

Ginkgo biloba

HP33L

Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo biloba

HP2L

Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo biloba

HP78L

Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo biloba

HP16L

Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo biloba

Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort)

HP8C

Fabaceae ^a

Fabaceae ^a

NS

Hypericum perforatum

HP46C

Hypericum perforatum

Hypericum perforatum

Hypericum perforatum

Hypericum perforatum

HP82C

Oryza sativa ^a

Oryza sativa ^b

Oryza sativa ^b

Hypericum perforatum

HP39L

Hypericum perforatum

Hypericum perforatum

Hypericum perforatum

Hypericum perforatum

HP94L

Hypericum perforatum

Hypericum perforatum

Hypericum perforatum

Juglans nigra (Walnut)

HP40C

Juglans nigra

Juglans nigra

NS

Juglans nigra

HP58C

NS

NS

NS

Juglans nigra

HP84C

Oryza sativa ^a

NS

Oryza sativa ^b

Juglans nigra

HP30L

Juglans nigra

Juglans nigra

Juglans nigra

Juglans nigra

HP19L

Juglans nigra

Juglans nigra

Juglans nigra

Juglans nigra

HP17L

Juglans nigra

Juglans nigra

Juglans nigra

Matricaria recutita (Chamomile)

HP37C

Matricaria recutita

Matricaria recutita

Matricaria recutita

Matricaria recutita (Chamomile)

HP91C

Matricaria recutita + Medicago sativa

Matricaria recutita + Medicago sativa

Medicago sativa

Matricaria recutita (Chamomile)

HP36C

Matricaria recutita + Glycine max

Matricaria recutita

Glycine max

Matricaria recutita

HP76L

Matricaria recutita

Matricaria recutita

Matricaria recutita

Mentha arvensis (Mint)

HP3C

Mentha arvensis

Mentha arvensis

Lamiaceae

Mentha arvensis

HP52L

Mentha arvensis

Mentha arvensis

Lamiaceae

Mentha spicata

HP15L

Mentha spicata

Mentha spicata

Lamiaceae

Nepeta cataria

HP9L

Nepeta cataria

Nepeta cataria

Lamiaceae

Oenothera biennis (Evening Primrose)

HP48C

Oenothera biennis

Oenothera biennis

Oenothera biennis

Origanum vulgare (Oregano)

HP10C

Origanum vulgare + Lamiaceae ^a

Origanum vulgare + Lamiaceae ^a

Lamiaceae ^a

Oenothera biennis

HP47L

Oenothera biennis

Oenothera biennis

Oenothera biennis

Origanum vulgare

HP26L

Origanum vulgare

Origanum vulgare

Origanum vulgare

Origanum vulgare

HP50L

Origanum vulgare

Origanum vulgare

Origanum vulgare

Oxalis Corniculata (WoodSorrel)

HP1P

Oxalis Corniculata + Medicago sativa ^a

Oxalis Corniculata + Medicago sativa ^a

Oxalis sp.

Oxalis Corniculata

HP72L

Oxalis Corniculata

Oxalis Corniculata

Oxalis sp.

Oxalis stricta

HP57L

Oxalis stricta

Oxalis stricta

Oxalis sp.

Oxalis acetosella

HP18L

Oxalis acetosella

Oxalis acetosella

Oxalis sp.

Plantago ovate (Psyllium)

HP69C

Plantago ovate

Plantago ovate

NS

Plantago ovate

HP71L

Plantago ovate

Plantago ovate

Plantago sp.

Plantago major

HP66L

Plantago major

Plantago major

Plantago sp.

Plantago lanceolata

HP14L

Plantago lanceolata

Plantago lanceolata

Plantago sp.

Portulaca oleracea (Purslane)

HP83C

Portulaca oleracea

Portulaca oleracea

Portulaca oleracea

Portulaca oleracea

HP65C

Portulaca oleracea + Glycine max ^b

Portulaca oleracea + Glycine max ^b

Glycine max ^b

Portulaca oleracea

HP38L

Portulaca oleracea

Portulaca oleracea

Portulaca oleracea

Portulaca oleracea

HP93L

Portulaca oleracea

Portulaca oleracea

Portulaca oleracea

Rubus idaeus (Raspberry)

HP24C

Rubus idaeus

Rubus idaeus

Rubus sp.

Rubus idaeus

HP12C

Rubus idaeus + Medicago sativa ^a

Rubus idaeus + Medicago sativa ^a

Medicago sativa ^a

Rubus idaeus

HP61L

Rubus idaeus

Rubus idaeus

Rubus sp.

Rubus parviflorus

HP29L

Rubus parviflorus

Rubus parviflorus

Rubus sp.

Rudbeckia hirta (black-eyed Susan)

HP62C

Rudbeckia hirta

Rudbeckia hirta

Rudbeckia hirta

Rudbeckia hirta

HP31L

Rudbeckia hirta

Rudbeckia hirta

Rudbeckia hirta

Sambucus nigra (Elderberry)

HP23C

Sambucus nigra + Medicago sativa ^a

Sambucus nigra + Medicago sativa ^a

Sambucus sp.

Sambucus nigra

HP59L

Sambucus nigra

Sambucus nigra

Sambucus sp.

Sambucus racemosa

HP54L

Sambucus racemosa

Sambucus racemosa

Sambucus sp.

Sonchus arvensis (Thistle)

HP87C

Sonchus arvensis

Sonchus arvensis

Sonchus arvensis

Sonchus arvensis

HP67C

Sonchus arvensis + Medicago sativa ^a

Sonchus arvensis + Medicago sativa ^a

Sonchus arvensis

Sonchus arvensis

HP73L

Sonchus arvensis

Sonchus arvensis

Sonchus arvensis

Sonchus asper

HP41L

Sonchus asper

Sonchus asper

Sonchus asper

Symphytum officinale (Comfrey)

HP7C

Symphytum officinale + Medicago sativa ^a

Symphytum officinale + Medicago sativa ^a

Medicago sativa ^a

Symphytum officinale

HP90L

Symphytum officinale

Symphytum officinale

Boraginaceae

Taraxacum officinale

HP25C

Parthenium hysterophorus ^a

Parthenium hysterophorus ^a

Asteraceae ^a

Taraxacum officinale

HP11C

Taraxacum officinale + Panicum sp. ^a

Taraxacum officinale + Panicum sp. ^a

Panicum sp. ^a

Taraxacum officinale

HP75C

Triticum spp. + Musa sp. ^a

Triticum spp. + Musa sp. ^a

Musaceae ^a

Taraxacum officinale

HP53L

Taraxacum officinale

Taraxacum officinale

Taraxacum officinale

Urtica dioica (Nettles)

HP55C

Urtica dioica

Urtica dioica

Urtica dioica

Urtica dioica

HP44C

Urtica dioica + Oryza sativa ^b

Urtica dioica ^b

Oryza sativa ^b

Urtica dioica

HP68L

Urtica dioica

Urtica dioica

Urtica dioica