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Venous abnormalities determined by composite criteria and multimodal imaging modalities:
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CCSVI:
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• A cutoff for CCSVI diagnosis classification consists of two or more abnormal DS VH criteria.
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VHISS:
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• VHISS is based on the sum of extracranial venous abnormality VH criteria based parameters measured for each of the five CCSVI criteria examined and is ranging from 0 to 16.
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Multimodal imaging application for detection of extracranial venous abnormalities
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• Use of multimodal imaging criteria on DS, MRV, CV and IVUS to determine a significant narrowing of extracranial venous system with hemodynamic consequences for the intracranial venous drainage.
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Compensatory mechanisms for venous abnormalities:
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Collateral veins:
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• The presence of two or more extracranial collateral veins and of epidural collateral veins may serve as an indirect sign of impaired venous outflow.
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