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Table 4 Association between processed meat consumption and all-cause mortality by sex, alcohol consumption, BMI, smoking status, and fruit and vegetable consumption.

From: Meat consumption and mortality - results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition

  

Intake (g/day)

 
  

0-9.9

10-19.9

20-39.9

40-79.9

80-159.9

160+

P-interaction

Sex

   Males

HR

0.99

1.00

1.00

1.04

1.13

1.32

 
 

(95% CI)

(0.91, 1.07)

(ref.)

(0.94, 1.07)

(0.98, 1.12)

(1.04, 1.22)

(1.12, 1.54)

 

   Females

HR

1.05

1.00

1.04

1.09

1.22

1.37

 
 

(95% CI)

(1.00, 1.10)

(ref.)

(0.99, 1.09)

(1.04, 1.16)

(1.10, 1.34)

(0.94, 2.00)

0.88

Alcohola

   <median

HR

1.00

1.00

1.02

1.08

1.19

1.35

 
 

(95% CI)

(0.94 to 1.06)

(ref.)

(0.97 to 1.08)

(1.02 to 1.15)

(1.09 to 1.30)

(1.09 to 1.69)

 

   ≥median

HR

1.03

1.00

1.05

1.1

1.19

1.45

0.71

 

(95% CI)

(0.97 to 1.10)

(ref.)

(0.99 to 1.11)

(1.03 to 1.17)

(1.09 to 1.31)

(1.19 to 1.77)

 

BMI

   <25 kg/m2

HR

1.06

1.00

1.03

1.10

1.15

1.63

 
 

(95% CI)

(1.00 to 1.13)

(ref.)

(0.97 to 1.09)

(1.03 to 1.18)

(1.04 to 1.28)

(1.27 to 2.09)

 

   ≥25 kg/m2

HR

0.99

1.00

1.04

1.09

1.25

1.38

 
 

(95% CI)

(0.93 to 1.05)

(ref.)

(0.99 to 1.10)

(1.03 to 1.15)

(1.15 to 1.35)

(1.15 to 1.65)

0.04

Smoking status

   Never

HR

1.02

1.00

0.99

1.01

1.15

1.24

 
 

(95% CI)

(0.96, 1.09)

(ref.)

(0.93, 1.05)

(0.94, 1.08)

(1.03, 1.29)

(0.89, 1.72)

 

   Former

HR

1.03

1.00

1.07

1.14

1.26

1.68

 
 

(95% CI)

(0.95, 1.11)

(ref.)

(0.99, 1.14)

(1.06, 1.24)

(1.12, 1.41)

(1.29, 2.18)

 

   Current

HR

1.04

1.00

1.08

1.15

1.26

1.47

 
 

(95% CI)

(0.95, 1.13)

(ref.)

(1.01, 1.16)

(1.07, 1.25)

(1.13, 1.40)

(1.18, 1.83)

0.01

Fruits and vegetables

   <median

HR

1.1

1.00

1.04

1.1

1.2

1.53

 
 

(95% CI)

(1.04 to 1.17)

(ref.)

(0.99 to 1.10)

(1.04 to 1.16)

(1.11 to 1.30)

(1.29 to 1.83)

 

   ≥median

HR

0.99

1.00

1.03

1.08

1.2

1.27

 
 

(95% CI)

(0.94 to 1.05)

(ref.)

(0.97 to 1.08)

(1.01 to 1.15)

(1.09 to 1.32)

(0.99 to 1.63)

0.001

  1. aCut-offs: alcohol: 14.8 g (men), 3.8 g (women); fruits and vegetables: 326 g (men), 414 g (women). BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard rate.