Table 2 Epidemiological studies reporting the incidence of malaria and IBI infection over time
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Author | Location | Study period | Study type; primary inclusion criteria | Age | Change in incidence of malaria BSI | Change in incidence of IBI Per 100,000 person years | Case-fraction of IBI co-infection | Predominant organisms for IBI co-infection | Comments |
Mackenzie [32] | Fajara and Basse, Gambia | 1979 – 2008 Multiple time points | Retrospective comparative case series; 4 data sets: BC taken from unwell children or suspected IBI. Routine malaria slides for febrile children | Most <5y | % Malaria in febrile children | Fajara: 60 to 10 (1979 to 2005) | NR | NR | NTS declined in parallel with malaria but pneumococcal bacteremia did not. |
Fajara: 33% to 6% (1999 to 2007) | Basse: 105 to 29 (1989 to 2008) | ||||||||
Basse: 45% to 10% (1992 to 2008) | |||||||||
Mtove [33] | Muheza, Tanzania | 2006 – 2010 | Cumulative data from three prospective case series; Severely ill febrile children | 2 m-14y | 547 to 106/100,000 person years | Overall from | 167/1,898 (8.8%) | All patients a | Severe malaria only. S. typhi most common in older age group (5-14y), and increased with decreasing malaria. |
184 to 60: | NTS 34% | ||||||||
NTS: 82 to 7 | |||||||||
SPN: 34 to 7 | |||||||||
HIb: 21 to 4 | |||||||||
S. typhi: 7 to 15 | |||||||||
Scott [31] | Kilifi, Kenya | 1999 - 2009 | Case control and longitudinal study; Cases: hospital admissions with bacteremia. Controls: children born in study area. | 0-13y | 28.5 to 3.45/1,000 person years | 2.59 to 1.45/1000 person years | NR | All patients in matched case–control study a | Reduction in protection afforded by HbAS in parallel (P = 0.0008). 62% bacteremia cases attributable to malaria |
All GNs 33.2% | |||||||||
SPN 38% | |||||||||
NTS 20.9% | |||||||||