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Table 3 Results of subgroup analyses by outcome type and NSAIDs type

From: Effect of aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on prostate cancer incidence and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study characteristics

Number of studies

OR (95% CI)

P OR value

Effect model

Heterogeneity

     

I 2 (%)

Pvalue

Risk of prostate cancer incidence

      

Any NSAIDs

      

Studies of total prostate cancer

11

0.90 (0.75, 1.07)

0.25

Random

93.5

<0.001

Case–control studies

8

0.97 (0.79, 1.20)

0.78

Random

93.8

<0.001

Cohort studies

3

0.71 (0.47, 1.07)

0.10

Random

81.4

0.005

Studies in North America

6

0.73 (0.60, 0.88)

0.001

Random

79.6

<0.001

Studies in Europe

5

1.29 (1.25, 1.34)

<0.001

Fixed

37.2

0.17

Studies of advanced prostate cancer

5

0.86 (0.52, 1.40)

0.54

Random

94.2

<0.001

Aspirin

      

Studies of total prostate cancer

23

0.92 (0.87, 0.97)

0.002

Random

66.2

<0.001

Case–control studies

13

0.92 (0.85, 0.99)

0.040

Random

63.7

0.001

Cohort studies

10

0.91 (0.83, 0.99)

0.040

Random

71.7

<0.001

Studies from North America

16

0.92 (0.86, 0.97)

0.003

Random

53.7

0.006

Studies from Europe

7

0.94 (0.82, 1.08)

0.40

Random

80.7

<0.001

High quality studies

8

0.89 (0.81, 0.98)

0.022

Random

77.2

<0.001

Long-term aspirin use (≥4 years)

8

0.88 (0.79, 0.99)

0.038

Random

66.8

0.004

Studies of advanced prostate cancer

13

0.81 (0.73, 0.89)

<0.001

Fixed

23.9

0.20

Case–control studies

7

0.84 (0.73, 0.98)

0.025

Fixed

23.7

0.18

Cohort studies

6

0.77 (0.67, 0.89)

<0.001

Fixed

23.5

0.26

Studies from North America

9

0.82 (0.75, 0.89)

<0.001

Fixed

14.0

0.32

Studies from Europe

4

0.88 (0.75, 1.03)

1.22

Fixed

48.2

0.12

High quality studies

6

0.81 (0.72, 0.92)

0.002

Fixed

38.1

0.152

Studies of non-advanced prostate cancer

6

0.96 (0.87, 1.07)

0.460

Fixed

33.6

0.177

Non-aspirin NSAIDs

      

Studies of total prostate cancer

17

1.01 (0.90, 1.13)

0.86

Random

90.1

<0.001

Case–control studies

11

0.97 (0.81, 1.17)

0.74

Random

93.0

<0.001

Cohort studies

6

1.07 (0.95, 1.20)

0.25

Random

69.6

0.006

Studies from North America

11

0.94 (0.85, 1.05)

0.28

Random

68.8

<0.001

Studies from Europe

6

1.18 (1.06, 1.32)

0.002

Random

71.1

0.004

Studies of advanced prostate cancer

9

0.99 (0.77, 1.28)

0.97

Random

81.6

<0.001

Studies of non-advanced prostate cancer

3

1.00 (0.90, 1.12)

0.943

Fixed

0.0

0.897

Any COX2 inhibitors

      

Studies of total prostate cancer

5

1.10 (0.90, 1.33)

0.36

Random

48.7

0.099

Studies of advanced prostate cancer

3

1.20 (0.79, 1.83)

0.40

Fixed

0.0

0.87

Risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality

      

Any NSAIDs (including aspirin use alone)

      

Studies of total prostate cancer

8

1.00 (0.68, 1.47)

0.99

Random

95.3

<0.001

Aspirin

      

Studies of total prostate cancer

6

0.86 (0.78, 0.96)

0.005

Fixed

39.2

0.15

Studies from North America

3

0.85 (0.50, 144)

0.55

Random

63.8

0.063

Studies from Europe

3

0.85 (0.76, 0.95)

0.005

Fixed

12.8

0.32

  1. CI, confidence interval; COX-2, cyclooxygenase enzymes-2; OR, odds ratio.
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