Lifestyle risk factors and residual life expectancy at age 40: a German cohort study

Table 3 Estimated loss of RLE (95% CI) associated with individual lifestyle risk factors for 40-year-old men and women, the EPIC-Heidelberg cohort ^a

	Men (n = 10,235)	Women (n = 12,234)
Smoking category
Never smokers	0	0
Long-term quitters	1.4 (0.3, 2.4)	0.2 (−1.4, 1.9)^b
Short-term quitters	4.8 (3.3, 6.3)	0.9 (−1.2, 3.2)^b
Light smokers	5.3 (3.6, 7.1)	5.0 (3.2, 6.6)
Heavy smokers	9.4 (8.3,10.6)	7.3 (6.0, 8.9)
Body weight status
Optimal BMI	0	0
Low BMI	3.5 (1.8, 5.1)	2.1 (0.5, 3.6)
Overweight	1.1 (0.1, 2.3)	0.6 (−0.8, 2.3)^b
Obesity	3.1 (1.9, 4.4)	3.2 (1.8, 5.1)
Alcoholic drinks/day
≤2 (men)/ ≤0.5 (women)	0	0
2.1 to 4 (men)/ 0.6 to 1 (women)	1.7 (0.8, 2.7)	−1.0 (−2.6, 0.3)^b
>4 (men)/ >1 (women)	3.1 (1.9, 4.0)	1.0 (−0.3, 2.4)^b
Leisure time physical activity
High	0	0
Low	0.4 (−0.3, 1.2)^b	1.1 (0.05, 2.1)
Processed/red meat consumption
Low	0	0
High	1.4 (0.6, 2.2)	2.4 (1.0, 3.9)
Vegetable/fruit consumption
High	0	0
Low	1.3 (0.4, 2.1)	0.8 (−0.2, 1.9)^b

^aParticipants with pre-existing diabetes, cardiovascular disease or cancer were excluded. ^bMinus sign denotes a gain in RLE. BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; RLE, residual life expectancy.

ISSN: 1741-7015