Table 1 Characteristics of included cohort studies
From: Obesity survival paradox in pneumonia: a meta-analysis
Author | Study design | Year | Location | Gender | Age (y) | Years of follow-up (y) | Assessment of weight and height | Sample size | Cases ascertainment | No. of cases | Type | BMI category (kg/m2) | Adjustment for covariates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Incidence | |||||||||||||
Delgado-Rodriguez | PC | 1997 | Spain | Mixed | 53 | 2 | Measured | 1,483 | Physician-diagnosed | 19 | HAP | <33.75, ≥33.75 | Mechanical ventilation, upper abdominal surgery, COPD, NNIS index |
Baik | PC | 2000 | USA | Mixed | 56.3 (men) 36.4 (women) | 6 | Self-reported | 104,491 | Physician-diagnosed | 595 | CAP | <21, 21–22.9, 23–24.9, 25–26.9, 27–29.9, ≥30 | Age, smoking status, physical activity, alcohol intake |
Newell | PC | 2007 | USA | Mixed | 45 | 5 | Measured | 1,543 | NA | 315 | HAP | 18.5–24.9, 25.0–29.9, 30.0–39.9, ≥40 | Age, gender, injury severity score, revised trauma score |
Yap | RC | 2007 | Australia | Mixed | 66.4 | 6 | Measured | 3,968 | Physician-diagnosed | 174 | HAP | <20, 20–30, 30–40, ≥40 | Age, gender, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, renal impairment, preoperative dialysis, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, lung disease, NYHA class IV, severe LV impairment, mean PA pressure, emergency status and total bypass time |
Dossett | PC | 2008 | USA | Mixed | 45 | NA | Measured | 1,406 | Physician-diagnosed | 446 | HAP | <18.5, 18.5–24.9, 25.0–29.9, 30.0–39.9, ≥40 | Age, gender, TRISS, AIS head score |
Mannino | PC | 2008 | USA | Mixed | >45 | 3 | Measured | 20,375 | ICD-9 codes 480-486 | 214 | CAP | <20, 20–24, 25–29, ≥30 | Age, gender, race, smoking status, education level, diabetes status, cardiovascular disease status |
Kornum | PC | 2010 | Denmark | Mixed | 50-64 | 11.8 | Measured | 48,551 | ICD-10 codes J12.x–J18.x, ICD-10codes A709.x, ICD-10 codes A481.x | 2,112 | CAP | <22.5, 22.5–24.9, 25.0–29.9,30.0–34.9, ≥35 | Age, smoking status, alcohol intake, schooling, educational level |
Morgan | RC | 2010 | USA | Mixed | >20 | 1 | Measured | 196,684 | Physician-diagnosed | 134 | CAP | <18.5, 18.5–24.9, 25.0–29.9, 30-39.9, ≥40 | Age, gender, chronic disease |
Blumentals | RC | 2011 | UK | Mixed | >18 | 7 | NA | 1,074,315 | NA | 877 | CAP | <18.5, 18.5–24.9, 25.0–29.9, ≥30 | Age, gender, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, statin use, antibiotic use, cigarette smoking status, influenza vaccination status, and year of index date |
Kwong | RC | 2011 | Canada | Mixed | >18 | 12 | Self-reported | 82,545 | ICD-9 codes 480–486, ICD-10-CM codes J10-J18 | 228 | CAP | <18.5, 18.5–24.9, 25.0–29.9, ≥30 | Age, gender, influenza vaccination status, rural residence, income quintile, smoking status, previous hospitalizations, previous outpatient visits, and the presence of chronic disease |
Viasus | RC | 2011 | Spain | Mixed | 39 | NA | NA | 585 | Physician-diagnosed | 11 | CAP | <30, 30–39.9, ≥40 | Age, gender, smoking, alcohol drinking, comorbid condition, influenza vaccine, early antiviral treatment, concomitant and/or secondary bacterial co-infection |
Phung | PC | 2013 | Australia | Mixed | 33 | 15.6 | Measured | 677 | ICD-9 codes 480–486, ICD-10 codes J12-J18 | 141 | CAP | <18.5, 18.5–24.9, 25.0–29.9, ≥30 | Age, smoking, alcohol consumption status |
Mortality | |||||||||||||
LaCROIX | PC | 1989 | USA | Mixed | 65.8 | 12 | Measured | 5474 | ICD-9 codes 480-486 | 76 | CAP | Lowest quartile, Second quartile,Third quartile, Highest quartile | Age |
Salive | PC | 1993 | USA | Mixed | 74 | 6 | Self-reported | 10,269 | ICD-9 codes 480-486 | 403 | CAP | Lowest quartile, Second quartile,Third quartile, Highest quartile | Age, race, education, co-morbidities, smoking, peak expiratory flow, emphysema, exercise |
Lange | PC | 1995 | Denmark | Mixed | 30-70 | 12 | NA | 13,423 | ICD-8 codes 480-486 | 260 | CAP | <20, 20–29, ≥30 | Age, predicted forced expiratory volume in one second |
Jee | PC | 2006 | Korea | Mixed | 46 | 15 | Measured | 1,213,829 | ICD-10 | 962 | CAP | <18.5, 18.5–19.9, 20.0–21.4, 21.5–22.9, 23.0–24.9, 25.0–26.4,26.5–27.9, 28.0–29.9, 30.0–31.9 | Age, smoking status, alcohol intake, physical exercise, physical activity |
Inoue | PC | 2007 | Japan | Mixed | 57.6 | 13 | Measured | 110,792 | ICD-9 codes 480-486 ICD-10 codes J12-J18 | 1,082 | CAP | 10.0–17.9, 18.0–22.9, 23.0–24.9,25.0–32.9 | Age, diabetes mellitus |
Takata | PC | 2007 | Japan | Mixed | 80 | 4 | Measured | 697 | ICD-10 | 19 | CAP | <18.5, 18.5–24.9, ≥25 | Gender, tobacco use, alcohol use, weight loss, current outpatient, systolic blood pressure, physical activity, functional status, marital status, and levels of total serum cholesterol and glucose |
Corrales-Medina | RC | 2011 | USA | Mixed | 65.5 | 7 | Measured | 266 | Physician-diagnosed | 31 | CAP | <18.5, 18.5–24.9, 25.0–29.9, >30 | Age, race, cancer, CURB-65 |
King | RC | 2012 | USA | Mixed | 67.5 | 7 | Measured | 18,746 | ICD-9 codes 480-487 | 3,340 | CAP | <18.5, 18.5–24.9, 25.0–29.9, 30-39.9, >40 | Age, gender, marital status, race, count of current medications, medical and psychiatric comorbid conditions, alcohol abuse, tobacco use, and drug abuse |
Kahlon | PC | 2012 | Canada | Mixed | 68 | 2 | Measured | 907 | Physician-diagnosed | 79 | CAP | <18.5, 18.5–24.9, 25.0–29.9, >30 | Age, functional status, prior pneumococcal vaccination, chest radiograph confirmation, PSI |
Singanayagam | PC | 2013 | UK | Mixed | 50-78 | NA | Measured | 1,079 | Physician-diagnosed | 103 | CAP | <18.5, 18.5–24.9, 25.0–29.9,30.0–34.9 | Age, gender, co-morbidities, current smoking, functional status, nursing home residence, PSI |