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Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of derivation and validation samples

From: Predictive score for mortality in patients with COPD exacerbations attending hospital emergency departments

 

Derivation

Validation

Pvalue

N

n (%)a

N

n (%)a

 

Age, yearsb

1242

72.32 ± 9.81

1244

73.23 ± 9.51

0.02

Male sex

1242

1136 (91.47)

1242

1131 (91.06)

0.72

Baseline FEV

1046

 

1023

  

≥50

 

367 (35.09)

 

352 (34.41)

0.75

<50

 

679 (64.91)

 

671 (65.59)

 

Charlson Comorbidity Indexb

1243

2.25 ± 1.55

1244

2.89 ± 1.6

0.79

Previous use of LTHOT or NIMV at home

1243

424 (34.11)

1244

417 (33.52)

0.76

Number of COPD-related admissions in the previous 12 monthsbd

1228

0.84 ± 1.37

1223

0.83 ± 1.38

0.65

Altered consciousness

1242

31 (2.50)

1243

39 (3.14)

0.33

Presence of edema

1164

225 (19.33)

1168

211 (18.07)

0.43

Dyspnea upon ED arrival

1182

803 (67.94)

1179

798 (67.68)

0.9

Heart rate upon ED arrivalb

1168

95.51 ± 19.35

1163

94.32 ± 18.69

0.1

Use of inspiratory accessory muscle upon ED arrival

1243

248 (19.95)

1244

262 (21.06)

0.49

Breathing frequency upon ED arrival

1135

 

1132

 

0.8

<20 breaths/min

 

186 (16.39)

 

188 (16.61)

 

20 to 24 breaths/min

 

506 (44.58)

 

489 (43.2)

 

>24 breaths/min

 

443 (39.03)

 

455 (40.19)

 

pH upon ED arrival

1147

 

1148

 

0.3

≥7.35

 

986 (85.96)

 

1005 (87.54)

 

7.26 to 7.35

 

136 (11.86)

 

114 (9.93)

 

<7.26

 

25 (2.18)

 

29 (2.53)

 

PO2 upon ED arrival

1137

 

1141

 

0.77

>60 (O2 saturation >90%)

 

563 (49.52)

 

571 (50.04)

 

45 to 60 (O2 saturation <90%)

 

420 (36.94)

 

427 (37.42)

 

≤45

 

154 (13.54)

 

143 (12.53)

 

PCO2 upon ED arrival

1078

 

1076

 

0.65

≤45

 

603 (55.94)

 

629 (58.46)

 

45 to 55

 

249 (23.1)

 

235 (21.84)

 

55 to 65

 

127 (11.78)

 

114( 10.59)

 

>65

 

99 (9.18)

 

98 (9.11)

 

Baseline dyspnea (MRC scale)

1243

 

1244

 

0.13

Missing

 

121(9.73)

 

129(10.37)

 

Grade 1

 

87 (7)

 

101 (8.12)

 

Grade 2

 

321 (25.82)

 

279 (22.43)

 

Grade 3

 

247 (19.87)

 

254 (20.42)

 

Grade 4

 

345 (27.76)

 

327 (26.29)

 

Grade 5

 

122 (9.81)

 

154 (12.38)

 

Outcomes

     

Short-term mortalityc

1243

30 (2.41)

1244

29 (2.33)

0.89

1-month mortality

1243

40 (3.22)

1244

48 (3.86)

0.39

  1. Abbreviations: COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ED emergency department, FEV forced expiratory volume, LTHOT long-term home oxygen therapy, NIMV non-invasive mechanical ventilation, PCO 2 carbon dioxide partial pressure, PO 2 oxygen partial pressure.
  2. aUnless otherwise specified.
  3. bMean ± SD.
  4. cDuring hospital admission or within 1 week of discharge to home from the ED.
  5. dNumber of COPD-related admissions in the previous 12 months, median (25th to 75th percentile): 0 (0–1) in both samples.