Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to quintiles of total polyphenol intake at baseline (energy-adjusted)
From: Polyphenol intake and mortality risk: a re-analysis of the PREDIMED trial
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | P-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 1,434) | (n = 1,435) | (n = 1,434) | (n = 1,435) | (n = 1,434) | ||
Polyphenol intake, mean (cutoff values), mg/d | 483 (<642) | 674 (642 to 749) | 794 (750 to 852) | 937 (853 to 995) | 1,235 (>995) | |
Sex, women | 836 (58.3) | 924 (64.4) | 712 (60.8) | 803 (56.0) | 648 (45.2) | <0.0001 |
Age, mean (SD), y | 67.6 (6.2) | 67.4 (6.1) | 67.4 (5.9) | 66.9 (6.0) | 66.2 (6.1) | <0.0001 |
BMI, mean (SD), Kg/m2 | 30.0 (3.7) | 30.3 (3.7) | 29.7 (3.5) | 29.7 (3.7) | 29.6 (3.5) | <0.0001 |
Current smoker | 217 (15.1) | 210 (14.6) | 194 (13.5) | 265 (18.5) | 317 (22.1) | <0.0001 |
Former smoker | 273 (19.0) | 263 (18.3) | 317 (22.1) | 319 (22.2) | 413 (28.8) | |
Sports/exercise, mean (SD), MET-h/d | 3.37 (3.56) | 3.62 (3.83 | 3.77 (3.66) | 4.05 (4.25) | 4.59 (4.54) | <0.0001 |
Diabetes | 706 (49.2) | 680 (47.4) | 712 (49.6) | 704 (49.1) | 668 (46.6) | 0.40 |
Hypertension | 1,230 (85.8) | 1,224 (85.3) | 1,192 (83.1) | 1,166 (81.3) | 1,117 (77.9) | <0.0001 |
Hypercholesterolemia | 983 (68.6) | 1,018 (70.9) | 1,053 (73.4) | 1,065 (74.2) | 1,069 (74.6) | 0.001 |
Hypolipidemic drug use | 660 (46.1) | 670 (46.7) | 712 (49.7) | 716 (50.1) | 706 (49.5) | 0.09 |
Antihypertensive drug use | 1,071 (74.7) | 1,095 (76.4) | 1,027 (71.7) | 1,030 (72.0) | 994 (69.7) | 0.0004 |
Cardiovascular drugs use | 118 (8.5) | 114 (8.2) | 120 (8.6) | 110 (7.9) | 109 (7.9) | 0.94 |
Insulin use | 90 (6.3) | 87 (6.1) | 115 (8.0) | 95 (6.6) | 99 (6.9) | 0.26 |
Anti-diabetes drug use, other than insulin | 463 (32.3) | 454 (31.7) | 478 (33.4) | 465 (32.5) | 439 (30.8) | 0.65 |
Aspirin use | 302 (21.1) | 326 (22.8) | 337 (23.5) | 318 (22.2) | 324 (22.7) | 0.63 |
Int. Group: MedDiet-EVOO | 489 (34.1) | 506 (35.3) | 477 (33.6) | 473 (33.0) | 517 (36.1) | 0.001 |
Int. Group: MedDiet-nuts | 444 (31.0) | 467 (32.5) | 454 (31.7) | 491 (34.2) | 519 (36.2) | |
Mean daily intake: | ||||||
Total energy intake, mean (SD), Kcal/d | 2,397 (642) | 2,180 (589) | 2,161 (540) | 2,229 (563) | 2,369 (577) | <0.0001 |
Carbohydrates, mean (SD), g/d | 240 (45) | 237 (39) | 235 (37) | 234 (41) | 236 (45) | 0.006 |
Protein, mean (SD), g/d | 91.9 (15.1) | 92.4 (13.8) | 92.4 (13.2) | 91.5 (13.6) | 90.6 (14.9) | 0.004 |
SFA, mean (SD), g/d | 26.1 (6.7) | 25.4 (5.7) | 25.1 (5.3) | 24.9 (5.5) | 23.5 (5.8) | <0.0001 |
MUFA, mean (SD), g/d | 49.0 (12.2) | 48.8 (10.6) | 48.8 (10.7) | 48.7 (11.3) | 46.6 (11.2) | <0.0001 |
PUFA, mean (SD), g/d | 15.6 (5.8) | 15.9 (5.1) | 15.8 (5.0) | 15.8 (5.2) | 15.0 (5.2) | <0.0001 |
Fiber, mean (SD), g/d | 21.5 (6.1) | 23.9 (6.4) | 25.5 (6.7) | 26.6 (7.4) | 29.4 (8.9) | <0.0001 |
Total cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/d | 372 (121) | 367 (103) | 368 (107) | 360 (94) | 354 (122) | <0.0001 |
Alcohol, mean (SD), g/d | 4.10 (10.9) | 6.3 (10.1) | 7.6 (10.5) | 9.3 (12.8) | 14.6 (18.9) | <0.0001 |
Vegetables, mean (SD), g/d | 296 (140) | 319 (127) | 338 (139) | 351 (142) | 369 (169) | <0.0001 |
Fruits, mean (SD), g/d | 240 (133) | 319 (145) | 364 (157) | 404 (172) | 521 (245) | <0.0001 |
Legumes, mean (SD), g/d | 20.5 (15.3) | 20.7 (15.2) | 20.3 (10.9) | 20.6 (12.4) | 20.6 (13.0) | 0.93 |
Dairy products, mean (SD), g/d | 398 (226) | 391 (216) | 389 (208) | 380 (219) | 353 (217) | <0.0001 |
Cereals, mean (SD), g/d | 247 (98) | 233 (81) | 227 (78) | 219 (79) | 209 (80) | <0.0001 |
Meat or meat products, mean (SD), g/d | 135 (60) | 132 (54) | 132 (50) | 130 (50) | 129 (55) | 0.03 |
Fish, mean (SD), g/d | 94.3 (53.3) | 99.9 (46.8) | 101 (51.5) | 99.6 (45.0) | 102 (49.2) | 0.0005 |
Sugar-sweetened soft drinks, mean (SD), g/d | 25.0 (84.3) | 19.7 (63.3) | 17.8 (55.8) | 15.4 (56.1) | 12.6 (46.3) | <0.0001 |
Coffee, mean (SD), g/d | 25.8 (36.3) | 43.6 (40.1) | 55.2 (42.9) | 70.3 (49.2) | 90.1 (63.8) | <0.0001 |
14-points MedDiet questionnaire score, mean (SD) | 8.2 (1.9) | 8.5 (1.9) | 8.7 (1.9) | 8.7 (1.9) | 9.2 (1.8) | <0.0001 |
Risk factors: | ||||||
Waist-to-height ratio, mean (SD) | 0.64 (0.06) | 0.63 (0.07) | 0.63 (0.06) | 0.62 (0.06) | 0.62 (0.06) | <0.0001 |
Systolic BP, mean (SD), mmHg | 150 (19) | 151 (19) | 149 (19) | 148 (18) | 148 (18) | 0.01 |
Diastolic BP, mean (SD), mmHg | 83 (10) | 84 (9.8) | 82 (9.6) | 82 (9.8) | 83 (9.6) | 0.003 |
Hearth rate, mean (SD), beats/min | 71.7 (11.0) | 71.2 (10.9) | 70.7 (11.1) | 70.0 (10.5) | 70.5 (10.5) | 0.02 |
Glucose (n = 4,311), mean (SD), mg/dL | 118 (41) | 116 (39) | 122 (42) | 123 (43) | 123 (43) | 0.0007 |
Cholesterol (n = 4,286), mean (SD), mg/dL | 202 (36) | 206 (38) | 207 (39) | 208 (38) | 207 (36) | 0.003 |
HDL (n = 4,236), mean (SD), mg/dL | 50 (11) | 51 (11) | 51 (11) | 52 (12) | 52 (11) | 0.007 |
Triglycerides (n = 4,291), mean (SD), mg/dL | 130 (67) | 133 (74) | 137 (79) | 130 (63) | 138 (80) | 0.06 |