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Table 2 Risk of cardiovascular events and mortality according to baseline total olive oil intake

From: Olive oil intake and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality in the PREDIMED Study

 

Energy-adjusted tertiles of total olive oil, g/day

  
 

1 (low) (n = 2,405)

2 (n = 2,406)

3 (high) (n = 2,405)

P for trend

Energy-adjusted total olive oil intake (10 g/d)

Mean total olive oil intake

21.4 ± 8.00

38.8 ± 11.6

56.9 ± 10.8

  

Major event

     

Cardiovascular event, % (n)

4.5 (108)

3.6 (86)

3.5 (83)

 

3.8 (277)

Multivariable model 1

1 (Ref.)

0.76 (0.57, 1.02)

0.66 (0.48, 0.90)

0.01

0.87 (0.81, 0.94)

Multivariable model 2

1 (Ref.)

0.78 (0.58, 1.04)

0.64 (0.46, 0.87)

0.01

0.87 (0.81, 0.94)

Multivariable model 3

1 (Ref.)

0.78 (0.58, 1.04)

0.65 (0.47, 0.89)

0.01

0.87 (0.81, 0.94)

Cardiovascular mortality

1 (low) (n = 2,405)

2 (n = 2,406)

3 (high) (n = 2,405)

P for trend

 

Cardiovascular mortality, % (n)

1.4 (33)

1.0 (25)

1.0 (23)

 

1.1 (81)

Multivariable model 1

1 (Ref.)

0.68 (0.39, 1.16)

0.52 (0.29, 0.94)

0.04

0.83 (0.72, 0.96)

Multivariable model 2

1 (Ref.)

0.70 (0.41, 1.20)

0.51 (0.28, 0.92)

0.04

0.83 (0.72, 0.95)

Multivariable model 3

1 (Ref.)

0.69 (0.40, 1.18)

0.52 (0.29, 0.93)

0.04

0.84 (0.73, 0.96)

Cancer mortality

1 (low) (n = 2,405)

2 (n = 2,406)

3 (high) (n = 2,405)

P for trend

 

Cancer mortality, % (n)

1.8 (44)

2.0 (49)

1.5 (37)

 

1.8 (130)

Multivariable model 1

1 (Ref.)

1.13 (0.74, 1.72)

0.80 (0.49, 1.30)

0.96

0.93 (0.83, 1.05)

Multivariable model 2

1 (Ref.)

1.13 (0.74, 1.72)

0.84 (0.52, 1.36)

0.95

0.95 (0.84, 1.07)

Multivariable model 3

1 (Ref.)

1.13 (0.74, 1.72)

0.84 (0.52, 1.37)

0.94

0.95 (0.85, 1.07)

All-cause mortality

1 (low) (n = 2,405)

2 (n = 2,406)

3 (high) (n = 2,405)

P for trend

 

All causes of mortality, % (n)

4.8 (116)

4.4 (106)

4.2 (101)

 

4.5 (323)

Multivariable model 1

1 (Ref.)

0.90 (0.69, 1.19)

0.79 (0.59, 1.06)

0.21

0.93 (0.87, 1.00)

Multivariable model 2

1 (Ref.)

0.90 (0.69, 1.18)

0.77 (0.58, 1.04)

0.18

0.93 (0.87, 1.00)

Multivariable model 3

1 (Ref.)

0.90 (0.69, 1.18)

0.78 (0.58, 1.05)

0.18

0.94 (0.87, 1.00)

  1. Cox regression models were used to assess the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality by baseline energy-adjusted tertiles of total olive oil (g/day) and as a continuous variable (10 g/d). Results were presented as Hazard Ratios (95% CI). Multivariable model 1 was adjusted for age (years), sex and theintervention group. Model 2 was also adjusted for body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2), smoking status (never, former, current smoker), alcohol intake (continuous, adding a quadratic term), educational level (illiterate/primary education, secondary education, academic/graduate), leisure time physical activity (Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET)-minutes/d), prevalence of diabetes (yes/no), prevalence of hypertension (yes/no), prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (yes/no), use of antihypertensive medication (yes/no) and use of statins (yes/no). Model 3 was also adjusted for Mediterranean diet adherence (Modified 12-point Mediterranean Diet score). All models were stratified by recruitment center. Extremes of total energy intake were excluded. A major event was a composite of myocardial infarction, stroke and death from cardiovascular causes.