Skip to main content

Table 4 Risk of cardiovascular events and mortality according to baseline common olive oil intake

From: Olive oil intake and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality in the PREDIMED Study

 

Energy-adjusted tertiles of common olive oil, g/day

  
 

1 (low) (n = 2,405)

2 (n = 2,406)

3 (high) (n = 2,405)

P for trend

Energy-adjusted common olive oil intake (10 g/d)

Mean common olive oil intake

12.1 ± 11.7

18.6 ± 18.5

21.7 ± 25.9

  

Major event

     

Cardiovascular event, % (n)

3.5 (85)

3.6 (86)

4.4 (106)

 

3.8 (277)

Multivariable model 1

1 (Ref.)

1.06 (0.78, 1.45)

1.20 (0.88, 1.62)

0.23

1.04 (0.99, 1.10)

Multivariable model 2

1 (Ref.)

1.01 (0.74, 1.38)

1.13 (0.83, 1.54)

0.35

1.04 (0.98, 1.10)

Multivariable model 3

1 (Ref.)

0.99 (0.73, 1.36)

1.11 (0.82, 1.51)

0.40

1.03 (0.98, 1.09)

Cardiovascular mortality

1 (low) (n = 2,405)

2 (n = 2,406)

3 (high) (n = 2,405)

P for trend

 

Cardiovascular mortality, % (n)

1.3 (31)

1.0 (24)

1.1 (26)

 

1.1 (81)

Multivariable model 1

1 (Ref.)

0.87 (0.50, 1.51)

0.84 (0.48, 1.46)

0.60

0.98 (0.88, 1.09)

Multivariable model 2

1 (Ref.)

0.84 (0.48, 1.47)

0.84 (0.48, 1.48)

0.65

0.98 (0.88, 1.09)

Multivariable model 3

1 (Ref.)

0.83 (0.47, 1.46)

0.81 (0.46, 1.43)

0.56

0.98 (0.87, 1.09)

Cancer mortality

1 (low) (n = 2,405)

2 (n = 2,406)

3 (high) (n = 2,405)

P for trend

 

Cancer mortality, % (n)

1.7 (40)

1.7 (42)

2.0 (48)

 

1.8 (130)

Multivariable model 1

1 (Ref.)

1.07 (0.68, 1.68)

1.16 (0.74, 1.82)

0.51

1.01 (0.92, 1.10)

Multivariable model 2

1 (Ref.)

1.04 (0.66, 1.64)

1.16 (0.74, 1.82)

0.49

1.01 (0.93, 1.10)

Multivariable model 3

1 (Ref.)

1.03 (0.65, 1.62)

1.14 (0.73, 1.79)

0.52

1.01 (0.92, 1.10)

All-cause mortality

1 (low) (n = 2,405)

2 (n = 2,406)

3 (high) (n = 2,405)

P for trend

 

All causes of mortality, % (n)

4.2 (101)

4.4 (106)

4.8 (116)

 

4.5 (323)

Multivariable model 1

1 (Ref.)

1.14 (0.86, 1.51)

1.17 (0.88, 1.51)

0.34

1.01 (0.96, 1.07)

Multivariable model 2

1 (Ref.)

1.10 (0.83, 1.47)

1.16 (0.87, 1.54)

0.37

1.01 (0.96, 1.07)

Multivariable model 3

1 (Ref.)

1.09 (0.82, 1.45)

1.14 (0.85, 1.51)

0.44

1.01 (0.96, 1.07)

  1. Cox regression models were used to assess the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality by baseline energy-adjusted tertiles of common olive oil (g/day) and as a continuous variable (10 g/d). Results were presented as Hazard Ratios (95% CI). Multivariable model 1 was adjusted for age (years), sex and the intervention group. Model 2 was also adjusted for body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2), smoking status (never, former, current smoker), alcohol intake (continuous, adding a quadratic term), educational level (illiterate/primary education, secondary education, academic/graduate), leisure time physical activity (Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET)-minutes/d), prevalence of diabetes (yes/no), prevalence of hypertension (yes/no), prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (yes/no), use of antihypertensive medication (yes/no) and use of statins (yes/no). Model 3 was also adjusted for Mediterranean diet adherence (Modified 12-point Mediterranean Diet score). All models were stratified by recruitment center. Extremes of total energy intake were excluded. A major event was a composite of myocardial infarction, stroke and death from cardiovascular causes.