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Table 2 Bivariate analysis of sample characteristics and association with symptoms of PTSD and major depression among emergency department patients in Belgrade, Serbia, and Laplje Selo, Kosovo, three years post-war (N = 562)

From: War-related psychological sequelae among emergency department patients in the former Republic of Yugoslavia

Characteristics

PTSD

Depression

 

N

%

p-value

N

%

p-value

Total

73

12.99

 

272

49.19

 

Age

      

   18–34

29

13.88

0.119

84

41.18

<0.001

   35–54

31

15.66

 

92

47.18

 

   55+

11

8.09

 

86

63.70

 

Gender

      

   Male

40

12.46

0.612

145

45.89

0.072

   Female

33

13.92

 

125

53.65

 

Ethnicity

      

   Serbian

67

12.93

0.389

252

49.41

0.684

   Not Serbian

6

18.18

 

17

53.13

 

Marital status

      

   Not married

19

8.68

0.016

102

47.22

0.439

   Married

53

15.68

 

168

50.60

 

Living with spouse or partner

      

   No

16

7.92

0.014

93

46.73

0.504

   Yes

53

15.14

 

171

49.71

 

Place of birth

      

   Serbia

11

4.44

<0.001

103

42.21

0.010

   Kosovo

55

21.65

 

139

55.82

 

   Elsewhere

6

10.34

 

28

48.28

 

Number moves in past five years

      

   0

27

7.67

<0.001

159

45.69

0.123

   1

9

10.47

 

41

48.81

 

   2+

24

26.09

 

52

57.78

 

Refugee status during NATO bombing

      

   Was not a refugee

44

9.80

<0.001

205

46.28

0.017

   Refugee for ≤ 30 days

5

11.36

 

24

55.81

 

   Refugee for > 30 days

18

36.73

 

32

66.67

 

Live in same house as before NATO bombing

      

   Yes

47

10.59

<0.001

208

47.49

0.063

   No

25

22.94

 

61

57.55

 

Education

      

   High School education or more

39

10.99

0.078

151

43.14

<0.001

   Less than a High School education

33

16.18

 

119

59.50

 

Total combined household income last year

      

   >500 German Deutsche Marks (DEM)

14

8.43

<0.001

63

38.18

<0.001

   250–500 DEM

14

8.92

 

70

44.87

 

   <250 DEM

44

19.73

 

133

60.45

 

Employment before NATO bombing

      

   Yes

49

13.32

0.821

157

43.61

<0.001

   No

24

12.63

 

114

60.32

 

Currently employed

      

   Yes

25

10.16

0.072

84

34.71

<0.001

   No

48

15.34

 

187

60.71

 

Social support

      

   High

35

9.04

<0.001

160

41.99

<0.001

   Moderate

28

19.86

 

89

63.12

 

   Low

9

32.14

 

19

73.08

 

Site of data collection

      

   Belgrade

13

4.19

<0.001

134

43.79

0.005

   Laplje Selo

60

23.81

 

138

55.87

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