From: Systematic review of the relation between smokeless tobacco and cancer in Europe and North America
Study | Country | Follow-up period | Baseline population | Exposurea | Referenceb | Cancers studied (cases)c |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lutheran Brotherhood cohortd | USA | 1966 to 1986 | 17,633 white men aged 35+ years | ST | Hsing et al. 1990 [11] | Prostate (149) |
 |  |  |  |  | Kneller et al. 1991 [12] | Stomach (75) |
 |  |  |  |  | Zheng et al. 1993 [13] | Pancreas (57) |
US Veterans cohorte | USA | 1954/57 to 1980 | 248,046 US veterans aged 31–84 years, over 99.5% men | ST | Hsing et al. 1991 [15] | Prostate (4,607) |
 |  |  |  |  | Heineman et al. 1992 [16] | Multiple myeloma (582)f |
 |  |  |  |  | Zahm et al. 1992 [17] | Soft tissue sarcoma (119), pharynx (55), buccal cavity (74) |
 |  |  |  |  | Heineman et al. 1995 [18] | Colon (3,812), rectum (1,100) |
Iowa cohort | USA | 1986/89 to 1995 | 1,572 men aged 40+ years, controls in a case-control study | ST | Putnam et al. 2000 [20] | Prostate (101)f |
NHANES I follow-up cohortg | USA | 1971/75 to 2002 | 14,407 adults aged 25–74 yearsh | ST | Accort et al. 2002 [21] | All, lungi |
 |  |  |  |  | Accort et al. 2005 [22] | All, lung, breast, digestive, oral, prostatef, i |
CPS-Ij | USA | 1959 to 1972 | 77,407 never smoking men aged 30+ years from 25 states | ST | Henley et al. 2005 [23] | All (2,332), oral (13), digestive (913), lung (134), genitourinary (559) |
CPS-IIk | USA | 1982 to 2000 | 114,809 never smoking men aged 30+ years nationwide | STl | Henley et al. 2005 [23] | All (6,140), oral (46), digestive (1,999), lung (400), genitourinary (1,709), haematopoietic (923) |
 |  | 1982 to 1996 | 467,788 men aged 30+ years nationwide | ST | Chao et al. 2002 [24] | Stomach (996) |
Norway cohortsm | Norway | 1966 to 2001 | 10,136 men from two cohorts, a sample of the 1960 census and relatives of Norwegian migrants to the USA | Snuff | Boffetta et al. 2005 [26] | Oral (34), oesophagus (27), stomach (217), pancreas (105), lung (343), kidney (88), bladder (239)n |
Swedish construction workers | Sweden | 1974 to 1985 | 135,036 men | Snuff | Bolinder et al. 1994 [28] | All (1,269), lung (204) |
 |  | 1971 to 2000 | 337,311 men |  | Odenbro et al. 2005 [29] | Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (756)f |
 |  | 1971 to 2000 | 335,612 adults, over 99.3% men |  | Fernberg et al. 2006 [30] | Malignant lymphoma (1,514)f |
 |  | 1971 to 2004 | 336,381 men |  | Fernberg et al. 2007 [31] | Leukaemia (372), multiple myeloma (520)f |
 |  | 1978 to 2004 | 279,897 men |  | Luo et al. 2007 [32] | Oral (248), lung (2,198), pancreas (448)f |
 |  | 1971 to 2004 | 339,802 men |  | Odenbro et al. 2007 [33] | Melanoma (1,639)° |
 |  | 1971 to 2004 | 336,381 men |  | Zendehdel et al. 2008 [34] | Stomach (1,385), oesophagus (366)f |
Uppsala County cohort | Sweden | 1973/74 to 2002 | 9,976 men | Snuff | Roosaar et al. 2008 [35] | All (1,572), smoking-related (493), oral (34)p |