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Table 13 Larynx and nasal cancer; individual effect (relative risk/odds ratio) estimates

From: Systematic review of the relation between smokeless tobacco and cancer in Europe and North America

 

ST use

  

RR/OR

Sourcea

Typeb

Exposurec

Smoking

Sex

Id.

Casesd

Estimate (95%CI)

Adjustment factorse

Case-control studies

        

Wynder et al. 1957 [40]

        

- larynx cancer

Chew

Ever

Any

M

1

NA

no associationf

none

Vincent and Marchetta 1963 [45]

        

- larynx cancer

Snuff

Use

Any

M

2

5

1.81 (0.33–9.97)

none

Williams and Horm 1977 [55]

        

- larynx cancer

ST

Ever

Any

M

3

16

2.01 (1.15–3.51)g

age, race, smok

Wynder and Stellman 1977 [56]

        

- larynx cancer

Chew

Ever

Any

M

4

46

1.35 (0.96–1.89)g

none

 

Snuff

   

5

15

1.46 (0.82–2.57)g

none

 

ST

   

6

61

1.40 (1.04–1.89)h

none

Engzell et al. 1978 [57]

        

- nasal cancer

Snuff

Use

Any

M

7

NA

no association

none

Brinton et al. 1984 [64]

        

- nasal cancer

Chew

Use

Any

M+F

8

15

0.74 (0.40–1.50)

sex

 

Snuff

   

9

23

1.47 (0.80–2.80)

 
 

ST

   

10

38

1.08 (0.68–1.70)h

none

Stockwell and Lyman 1986 [70]

        

- nasal cancer

ST

Ever

Any

M+F

11

1

2.93 (0.40–21.66)g

none

- larynx cancer

ST

Ever

Any

M+F

12

6

2.02 (0.84–4.86)g

none

Young et al. 1986 [71]

        

- larynx cancer

ST

Ever

Any

M

13

NA

no association

none

Lewin et al. 1998 [102]

        

- larynx cancer

Snuff

Current

Any

M

14

15

1.00 (0.50–1.90)

age, alc, res, smok

  

Former

  

15

9

0.80 (0.40–1.70)

 
  

Ever

  

16

24

0.90 (0.50–1.50)

 
  1. a Fuller details of the studies are given in Tables 1 and 2.
  2. b ST implies smokeless tobacco unspecified, or combined snuff use or chewing.
  3. c Ever, former and current ST use were compared with never ST. Use indicates timing not given and comparison is with non use.
  4. d 'Id.' is the RR/OR identification number used in Table 14, and 'Cases' is the number of cases in ST users as defined. NA = not available.
  5. e Abbreviations used: alc = alcohol, res = area of residence, smok = smoking.
  6. f The average ridit duration of chewing was non-significantly lower in the larynx cancer cases.
  7. g RR/OR and/or 95% CI estimated from data provided in the source.
  8. h RR/OR and/or 95% CI estimated from data provided in the source assuming that no one both chewed and used snuff.
  9. CI = confidence interval; ST = smokeless tobacco; OR = odds ratio; RR = relative risk.
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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