From: Systematic review of the relation between smokeless tobacco and cancer in Europe and North America
 |  |  |  | Heterogeneity | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of ST (region)a | Adjustments/restrictionsb | Number of estimates (RR/OR ids)c | Random-effects RR/OR (95% CI) | χ2 | I2 | P(χ2) |
Any | Overall data | 5 (5, 13, 15, 18, 19) | 1.20 (0.83–1.75)d | 12.8 | 68.8 | 0.012 |
 | Smoking-adjusted | 3 (5, 13, 19) | 1.35 (0.62–2.94) | 9.5 | 78.9 | 0.009 |
 | Never smokers | 3 (5, 13, 19) | 1.35 (0.62–2.94) | 9.5 | 78.9 | 0.009 |
Any (USA) | Overall data | 3 (13, 18, 19) | 1.45 (0.81–2.59) | 5.2 | 61.2 | 0.076 |
 | Smoking-adjusted | 2 (13, 19) | 2.07 (0.70–6.13) | 3.0 | 66.2 | 0.085 |
 | Never smokers | 2 (13, 19) | 2.07 (0.70–6.13) | 3.0 | 66.2 | 0.085 |
Snuff (Scandinavia) | Overall data | 2 (5, 15) | 1.04 (0.54–1.98) | 5.1 | 80.5 | 0.024 |
 | Smoking-adjusted | 1 (5) | 0.77 (0.59–1.01) | -- | -- | -- |
 | Never smokers | 1 (5) | 0.77 (0.59–1.01) | -- | -- | -- |