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Table 27 Overall cancer; meta-analysis results

From: Systematic review of the relation between smokeless tobacco and cancer in Europe and North America

    

Heterogeneity

Type of ST (region)a

Adjustments/restrictionsb

Number of estimates (RR/OR ids)c

Random-effects RR/OR (95% CI)

χ2

I2

P(χ2)

Any

Overall data

7 (1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 10, 12)

0.98 (0.84–1.15)

27.1

77.9

< 0.001

 

Smoking-adjusted

7 (1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 10, 12)

0.98 (0.84–1.15)

27.1

77.9

< 0.001

 

Never smokers

6 (1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 11)

1.10 (1.02–1.19)

1.5

0.0

0.911

Any (USA)

Overall data

5 (1, 2, 3, 6, 12)

0.95 (0.74–1.22)

26.5

84.9

< 0.001

 

Smoking-adjusted

5 (1, 2, 3, 6, 12)

0.95 (0.74–1.22)

26.5

84.9

< 0.001

 

Never smokers

4 (1, 2, 3, 6)

1.10 (1.01–1.20)

1.5

0.0

0.679

Snuff (Scandinavia)

Overall data

2 (9, 10)

1.03 (0.91–1.16)

0.5

0.0

0.475

 

Smoking-adjusted

2 (9, 10)

1.03 (0.91–1.16)

0.5

0.0

0.475

 

Never smokers

2 (9, 11)

1.10 (0.94–1.29)

0.0

0.0

1.000

  1. a For each study/sex, the RR/OR for ST from Table 26 was included if available, otherwise that for chewing tobacco or snuff was used.
  2. b Smoking-adjusted includes estimates for smokers and non-smokers combined, adjusted for smoking if available, and estimates for never smokers otherwise.
  3. c The actual estimates included are identified by their RR/OR identification numbers as given in Table 26.
  4. CI = confidence interval; ST = smokeless tobacco; OR = odds ratio; RR = relative risk.