Table 31 Summary of meta-analyses for smokeless tobacco use in the USA
From: Systematic review of the relation between smokeless tobacco and cancer in Europe and North America
| Â | Overall data | Smoking-adjusted data | Never smokers | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cancer | n | RR/OR (95% CI) | n | RR/OR (95% CI) | n | RR/OR (95% CI) |
Oropharyngeal (Table 4) | 31 | 2.16 (1.55–3.02) | 12 | 1.65 (1.22–2.25) | 5 | 3.33 (1.76–6.32) |
Oesophageal (Table 6) | 6 | 1.56 (1.11–2.19) | 3 | 1.89 (0.84–4.25) | 3 | 1.89 (0.84–4.25) |
Stomach (Table 8) | 4 | 1.41 (0.95–2.10) | 3 | 1.41 (0.93–2.12) | 2 | 1.96 (0.82–4.70) |
Pancreatic (Table 10) | 5 | 0.86 (0.47–1.57) | 5 | 0.99 (0.51–1.91) | 3 | 1.09 (0.44–2.67) |
Any digestive (Table 12) | 5 | 0.86 (0.59–1.25) | 5 | 0.86 (0.59–1.25) | 4 | 1.14 (0.99–1.33) |
Larynx (Table 14) | 4 | 1.56 (1.21–2.00) | 1 | 2.01 (1.15–3.51) | 0 | -- |
Lung (Table 16) | 6 | 1.22 (0.82–1.83) | 4 | 1.38 (0.72–2.64) | 3 | 1.79 (0.91–3.51) |
Prostate (Table 18) | 5 | 1.23 (1.03–1.40) | 4 | 1.29 (1.07–1.55) | 3 | 1.81 (0.76–4.30) |
Bladder (Table 20) | 9 | 1.11 (0.85–1.45) | 6 | 1.24 (0.83–1.85) | 5 | 1.25 (0.69–2.26) |
Kidney (Table 22) | 8 | 1.52 (0.94–2.46) | 3 | 1.41 (0.64–3.10) | 1 | 4.80 (1.18–19.56) |
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (Table 24) | 3 | 1.45 (0.81–2.59) | 2 | 2.07 (0.70–6.13) | 2 | 2.07 (0.70–6.13) |
Overall cancer (Table 27) | 5 | 0.95 (0.74–1.22) | 5 | 0.95 (0.74–1.22) | 4 | 1.10 (1.01–1.20) |