From: Systematic review of the relation between smokeless tobacco and cancer in Europe and North America
 | ST use |  |  | RR/OR | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sourcea | Typeb | Exposurec | Smoking | Sexd | Id. | Casese | Estimate (95%CI)d | Adjustment factorsf |
Cohort studies | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Lutheran Brotherhood: IARC Monograph 37 1985 [14] | ST | Ever | Any | M | 1 | NA | 2.6 (not significant) | age, res |
US Veterans: Winn et al. 1982 [19] | ST | Ever | Never | Mg | 2 | 1 | 2.28 (NA) | age |
Norway cohorts: Boffetta et al. 2005 [26] | Snuff | Current | Any | M | 3 | 4 | 1.06 (0.35–3.23) | age, smok |
 |  | Former |  | M | 4 | 5 | 1.90 (0.69–5.27) |  |
 |  | Ever |  | M | 5 | 9 | 1.40 (0.61–3.24) |  |
Swedish construction workers: Zendehdel et al. 2008 [34] | Snuff | Ever | Any | M | 6 | 77 | 1.00 (0.79–1.27)h | age, bmi, smok |
 |  |  | Never |  | 7 | 11 | 1.92 (1.00–3.68)i | age, bmi |
Case-control studies | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Wynder et al. 1957 [40] | Chew | Ever | Any | M | 8 | NA | no associationj | none |
Wynder and Bross 1961 [44] | Chew | Ever | Any | M | 9 | 21 | 2.39 (1.23–4.64)k | none |
Martinez et al. 1969 [49] | Chew | Use | Never | M | 10 | 3 | 1.18 (0.28–4.90)k | none |
 |  |  |  | F | 11 | 7 | 2.69 (0.92–7.87)k |  |
Bjelke et al. 1974 USA [52] | Chew | Use | NA | NA | 12 | NA | associationl | NA |
Williams and Horm 1977 [55] | ST | Ever | Any | M | 13 | 2 | 0.55 (0.13–2.31) | none |
Wynder and Stellman 1977 [56] | Chew | Ever | Any | M | 14 | 20 | 1.23 (0.76–1.99)k | none |
 | Snuff |  |  |  | 15 | 8 | 1.65 (0.78–3.49)k |  |
 | ST |  |  |  | 16 | 28 | 1.35 (0.89–2.06)m |  |
Pottern et al. 1981 [60] | Chew | Ever | Any | M | 17 | 4 | no associationn | none |
 | Snuff |  |  |  | 18 | 2 | no associationn |  |
Morris Brown et al. 1988 [76] | ST | Ever | Never | M | 19 | 1 | 1.20 (0.10–13.30) | alc, incm |
Lewin et al. 1998 [102] | Snuff | Current | Any | M | 20 | 10 | 1.10 (0.50–2.40) | age, alc, res, smok |
 |  | Former |  |  | 21 | 9 | 1.30 (0.60–3.10) |  |
 |  | Ever |  |  | 22 | 19 | 1.20 (0.70–2.20) |  |
Lagergren et al. 2000 [108] | Snuff | Ever | Any | M+F | 23 | 68 | 1.31 (0.89–1.92)k | age, alc, bmi, diet, edu, exer, rflx, sex, smok |