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Table 9 Pancreatic cancer; individual effect (relative risk/odds ratio) estimates

From: Systematic review of the relation between smokeless tobacco and cancer in Europe and North America

 

ST use

  

RR/OR

Sourcea

Typeb

Exposurec

Smoking

Sex

Id.

Casesd

Estimate (95%CI)e

Adjustment factorsf

Cohort studies

        

Lutheran Brotherhood: Zheng et al. 1993 [13]

ST

Ever

Any

M

1

16

1.70 (0.90–3.10)

age, alc, smok

US Veterans: Winn et al. 1982 [19]

ST

Ever

Never

Mg

2

NA

1.65 (NA)

age

Norway cohorts: Boffetta et al. 2005 [26]

Snuff

Current

Any

M

3

27

1.60 (1.00–2.55)

age, smok

  

Former

  

4

18

1.80 (1.04–3.09)

 
  

Ever

  

5

45

1.67 (1.12–2.50)

 
  

Ever

Never

 

6

3

0.85 (0.24–3.07)

age

Swedish construction workers: Luo et al. 2007 [32]

Snuff

Ever

Any

M

7

NA

0.90 (0.70–1.20)

age, bmi, smok

  

Current

Never

 

8

18

2.10 (1.20–3.60)

age, bmi

  

Former

  

9

2

1.40 (0.40–5.90)

 
  

Ever

  

10

20

2.00 (1.20–3.30)

 

Case-control studies

        

Williams and Horm 1977[55]

ST

Ever

Any

M

11

3

0.29 (0.09–0.92)h

age, race, smok

Falk et al. 1988 [75]

Chew

Use

Any

M+F

12

NA

no association

none

 

Snuff

   

13

NA

no association

 

Farrow and Davis 1990 [82]

Chew

Ever

Any

M

14

NA

0.80 (NA)

edu, race

Ghadirian et al. 1991[84]

Chew

Use

Any

M+F

15

NA

no association

none

Muscat et al. 1997 [101]

Chew

Ever

Neveri

M

16

6

2.82 (0.85–9.39)j

none

 

Snuff

 

Any

 

17

2

1.32 (0.22–7.93)

 

Alguacil and Silverman 2004 [111]

ST

Ever

Neverk

M+F

18

5

1.10 (0.40–3.10)

age, race, res, sex, smokk

Hassan et al. 2007 [114]

Chew

Ever

Any

M+F

19

34

0.70 (0.40–1.10)

age, alc, diab, edu, mar, race, res, sex, smok

   

Never

 

20

10

0.60 (0.30–1.40)

age, alc, diab, edu, mar, race, res, sex

 

Snuff

Ever

Any

 

21

18

0.60 (0.30–1.10)

age, alc, diab, edu, mar, race, res, sex, smok

   

Never

 

22

4

0.50 (0.10–1.50)

age, alc, diab, edu, mar, race, res, sex

 

ST

Ever

Any

 

23

52

0.65 (0.43–0.97)l

age, alc, diab, edu, mar, race, res, sex, smok

   

Never

 

24

14

0.57 (0.29–1.11)l

age, alc, diab, edu, mar, race, res, sex

  1. a Fuller details of the studies are given in Tables 1 and 2.
  2. b ST implies smokeless tobacco unspecified, or combined snuff use or chewing.
  3. c Ever, former and current ST use were compared with never ST. Use indicates timing not given and comparison is with non use.
  4. d 'Id.' is the RR/OR identification number used in Table 10, and 'Cases' is the number of cases in ST users as defined. NA = not available.
  5. e NA = not available.
  6. f Abbreviations used: alc = alcohol consumption, bmi = body mass index, diab = diabetes, edu = education, mar = marital status, res = area of residence, smok = smoking.
  7. g The population included < 0.5% females.
  8. h RR/OR and/or 95% CI estimated from data provided in the source.
  9. i Includes long-term (10+ years) quitters.
  10. j Personal communication from Dr Muscat. The estimate given in the source of 3.60 (1.00–12.80) is for noncurrent smokers.
  11. k Estimates are for never cigarette smokers with adjustment for other tobacco use.
  12. l RR/OR and/or 95% CI estimated from data provided in the source assuming that no one both chewed and used snuff.
  13. CI = confidence interval; ST = smokeless tobacco; OR = odds ratio; RR = relative risk.
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BMC Medicine

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