Shapiro 1973 [15, 16]
|
USA
|
195
|
Ph (various groups)
|
Convenience
|
83%
|
Both
|
Goldberg 1979 [18]
|
USA
|
102
|
N (head nurses at 11 hospitals)
|
Local
|
68%
|
Pure
|
Goodwin 1979 [19]
|
USA
|
60
|
Ph (house officers)
|
Convenience
|
100%
|
Mainly
|
| |
39
|
N (hospital nurses)
|
Convenience
|
Unclear
|
pure
|
| |
27
|
License practical nurses/medical aides
|
Convenience
|
Unclear
| |
Gray 1981 [20]
|
CAN
|
70
|
Ph (university hospital)
|
Convenience
|
82%*
|
Pure
|
| |
230
|
N (university hospital)
|
Convenience
| | |
| |
35
|
N (experienced hospital nurses)
|
Convenience
|
Unclear
| |
Lange 1981 [21]
|
GER
|
81
|
Ph, N, psychologists (no data for subgroups provided)
|
Convenience
|
Unclear
|
Pure
|
Thomson 1982 [22]
|
NZ
|
37
|
Ph (GPs)
|
Local
|
84%
|
Both
|
Classen 1985 [23]
|
GER
|
101
|
Ph (setting unclear)
|
Convenience
|
Unclear
|
Both
|
Saupe 1986 [24]
|
GER
|
56
|
N (at a psychiatric university hospital)
|
Convenience
|
80%
|
Mainly pure
|
Lynöe 1993 [26]
|
SWE
|
94
|
Ph (GPs or affiliated with university)
|
Local
|
94%
|
Mainly
|
| |
83
|
Pt (consecutive patients of three GPs)
|
Local
|
83%
|
impure
|
Ernst 1997 [27]
|
AUS
|
263
|
N (setting unclear)
|
Convenience
|
58%
|
Both
|
Berger 1999 [28]
|
USA
|
74
|
Medical interns at an university-affiliated hospital
|
Convenience
|
83%
|
Pure
|
Berthelot 2001 [29]
|
FRA
|
300
|
Pt (at a hospital rheumatology department)
|
Convenience
|
Unclear
|
Mainly
|
| |
100
|
N (same hospital, various departments)
|
Convenience
|
Unclear
|
pure
|
Hrobjartsson 2003 [30]
|
DEN
|
502
|
Ph (GPs, hospital, specialists in private practice)
|
Random
|
65%
|
Both
|
Nitzan 2005 [31]
|
ISR
|
31
|
Ph (senior hospital physicians)
|
Convenience
|
76%
|
Mainly
|
| |
31
|
N (head nurses from same hospitals)
|
Convenience
|
100%
|
pure
|
| |
27
|
Ph (family physicians)
|
Convenience
|
68%
| |
Lim 2007 [32]
|
SIN
|
402
|
Medical students
|
Local
|
36%
|
Pure
|
Sherman 2007 [33]
|
USA
|
231
|
Ph (faculty members of 3 medical schools)
|
Local
|
50%
|
Both
|
Tilburt 2008 [34]
|
USA
|
679
|
Ph (internists and rheumatologists)
|
Random
|
57%
|
Both
|
Bernateck 2009 [35]
|
GER
|
71
|
Ph (university hospital)
|
Convenience
|
80%*
|
Pure
|
| |
107
|
N (university hospital)
|
Convenience
| | |
Chen 2009 [36]
|
NZ
|
211
|
Pt (in waiting rooms of two GP clinics)
|
Convenience
|
48%
|
Mainly pure
|
Fässler 2009 [37]
|
SWI
|
233
|
Ph (primary care)
|
Random
|
48%
|
Both
|
Substudies with prospective screening of medical records of hospital patients
| | | | | | |
Goodwin 1979 [19]
|
USA
|
1900
|
Pt (academic teaching hospital, treated during 6 months)
|
n.a.
| |
Pure
|
Lange 1981 [21]
|
GER
|
1725
|
Pt (psychiatric hospital, all treated 1978)
|
n.a.
| |
Pure
|
Qualitative studies
| | | | | | |
Comaroff 1976 [17]
|
UK
|
47
|
Ph (GPs)
|
Local
|
92%
|
Mainly impure
|
Schwartz 1989 [25]
|
USA
|
72
|
Ph (selected for often prescribing inefficient drugs)
|
n.a.
|
51%
|
Impure
|