Reference | Population | Intervention | Site Measured | Measurement Technique |
---|---|---|---|---|
 | Children and Adolescents |  |  |  |
Macdonald et al. [19] | EX: N = 281, CON: N = 129 Age: 10.2 (0.6), boys and girls Duration: 16 months | EX: 1 step: 15 min of physical activity (PA) 5 times per week 2 step: 5-36 jumps per day 4 times per week CON: Two 40-min physical education (PE) classes per week | Distal tibia Tibial midshaft | pQCT |
Macdonald et al. [20] | EX: N = 293, CON: N = 117, Age: 10.2 (0.6), boys and girls Duration: 16 months | EX: 1 step: 15 min of PA 5 times per week 2 step: 5-36 jumps per day 4 times per week CON: Two 40-min PE classes per week | Hip | DXA-derived hip structural analysis |
MacKelvie et al. [21] | EX: N = 31, CON: N = 33, Age: 10.2 (0.5), boys Duration: 24 months | EX: 10-12 min of high-impact PA 3 times per week CON: 10-min stretch during PE class and a stretch break during class | Hip | DXA-derived hip structural analysis |
Petit et al. [22] | EX: N = 87, CON: N = 90, Age: 10.1-10.5 (0.5), girls Duration: 7 months | EX: 10-12 min of high-impact PA 3 times per week CON: 10-min stretch during PE class and stretch break during class | Hip | DXA-derived hip structural analysis |
Weeks et al. [23] | EX: N = 52, CON: N = 47 Age: 13.8 (0.4), boys and girls Duration: 8 months | EX: 10-min high-impact PA 2 times per week CON: Warmup and stretching exercises during PE classes 2 times per week | Hip | DXA-derived estimation of cross- sectional moment of inertia (CSMI) |
 | Adults |  |  |  |
Vainionpaa et al. [24] | EX: N = 39, CON: N = 41, Age: 38 (2), women Duration: 12 months | EX: 60-min workout classes including steps and hops 3 times per week and 10-min daily steps and hops CON: Normal daily activity | Proximal tibia Midfemur | DXA-derived estimation of cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI) |
 | Older Adults |  |  |  |
Cheng et al. [13] | EX: N = 20, CON: N = 20, Age: 50-57, women Duration: 12 months | EX: Supervised high-impact circuit training session 2 times per week and similar home exercises 4 times per week CON: Normal daily activity | Tibial midshaft, Proximal tibia Midfemur, Proximal femur | QCT-derived maximum moment of inertia (I max) |
Karinkanta et al. [15] | EX: N = 112, CON: N = 37, Age: 73 (2) Duration: 12 months | EX: Resistance, balance jumping, and their combination group 3 times per week, including at least 50%-60% of repetition maximum (RM) and jumps CON: Normal daily activity | Distal tibia, tibial shaft Femoral neck | DXA-derived hip structural analysis pQCT derived bone strength index (BSI) |
Liu-Ambrose et al. [53] | EX: N = 66, CON: N = 32 Age: 79 (3) Duration: 6 months | EX: Resistance and agility training group 2 times per week including at least 50%-60% of RM and ball games, dance movements CON: stretching | Distal tibia, Tibial shaft | pQCT-derived polar stress strain index (SSI) |
Uusi-Rasi et al. [14] | EX: N = 41, CON: N = 41, Age: 53 (2) Duration: 12 months | EX: 20-min multidirectional jumps and steps 3 times per week CON: Normal daily activity | Distal tibia, tibial shaft Femoral neck | DXA-derived bone strength index (BSI) pQCT-derived bone strength index (BSI) |