From: Diagnosis and biomarkers of predementia in Alzheimer's disease
Correlates: | Method/source: | Alzheimer's disease-related biomarkers: |
---|---|---|
Molecularcore neuropathology | Cerebrospinal fluid | - Concentrations of amyloid-β42; |
- Total Tau and phosphorylated Tau; | ||
In vivo molecular imaging | - Intracerebral beta-amyloid load (e.g., PiB-PET, 18F-BAY94-9172); | |
- Intracerebral aggregates of amyloid and tangle Tau(e.g., 18F-FDDNP); | ||
Downstreamsecondary changes | Structural neuroimaging(MRI) | - Regional (medial temporal) atrophy (MRI) |
- Volumetry of hippocampus/entorhinal cortex (MRI) | ||
- Rate of brain/regional atrophy (MRI) | ||
- Voxel-based morphometry (VBM)a | ||
- Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)a | ||
Functional neuroimaging(PET, SPECT, fMRI) | - Metabolic changes (FDG-PET) | |
- Regional perfusion (SPECT) | ||
- Functional MRIa and MRI perfusion-Functional connectivitya | ||
Neurochemistry | - Proton spectroscopy (+H-MRS)a | |
Associatedhomeostatic changes | Peripheral fluids(serum, plasma, platelets) | - Inflammatory markers (interleukins, cytokines)a |
- Oxidative stress (isoprostanes)a | ||
- Aβ40/Aβ42 ratio*; | ||
APP ratioa | ||
- Glycogen synthase kinase-3β activitya | ||
- Other markers of synaptic damage/neurodegenerationa |