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Table 2 Models for predicting risk of prevalent (undiagnosed) diabetesa

From: Developing risk prediction models for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review of methodology and reporting

Study

Year

Country

Definition of diabetes as reported

Risk predictors in the model

Al Khalaf et al. [60]

2010

Kuwait

Diagnosis of diabetes based on ADA 2003 criteria. If FPG was ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or random glucose was ≥ 11.1 mmol/L, participants were classified as having newly diagnosed diabetes.

Age, waist circumference, blood pressure medication, diabetes in sibling

Al-Lawati et al. [41]

2007

Oman

Diabetes was diagnosed according to 1998 WHO criteria for OGTT (FPG 11.1 mmol/l 2-h post 75-g glucose load

Age, waist circumference, BMI, family history of diabetes, hypertension

Baan et al. [42]

1999

The Netherlands

Diabetes defined as use of antidiabetic medication (insulin or oral hypoglycaemic medication) and/or 2-h PG ≥ 11.1 mmol/L according to WHO criteria

Age, sex, use of antihypertensive medication, obesity (BMI ≥ 30)

Bang et al. [43]

2009

USA

Undiagnosed diabetes defined as FPG ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (≥ 126 mg/dL)

Age, sex, family history of diabetes, history of hypertension, obesity (BMI or waist circumference), physical activity

Borrell et al. [59]

2007

USA

FPG ≥ 126 mg/dL

Age, sex, ethnicity, family history of diabetes, self-reported hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, periodontal disease

Chaturvedi et al. [44]

2008

India

Undiagnosed diabetes defined as those with FPG ≥ 126 mg/dL (≥ 7.0 mmol/L) but who were not aware of their glycaemic status

Age, blood pressure, waist circumference, family history of diabetes

Gao et al. [45]

2010

China

Diabetes defined according to 2006 WHO/IDF criteria. In individuals without known diabetes, undiagnosed diabetes was determined if person had FPG ≥ 7.0 mmol/L and/or postchallenge PG ≥ 11.1 mmol/L

Age, waist circumference, family history of diabetes

Glümer et al. [46]

2004

Denmark

Individuals without known diabetes and with FPG ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or 2-h PG ≥ 11.1 mmol/L defined as having SDM

Age, BMI, sex, known hypertension, physical activity, family history of diabetes

Keesukphan et al. [47]

2007

Thailand

75-g OGTT carried out as outlined by WHO Diabetes Study Group

Age, BMI, history of hypertension

Ko et al. [48]

2010

Hong Kong

All subjects underwent 75-g OGTT using 1998 WHO criteria (FPG ≥ 7.0 mmol/L and/or 2-h PG ≥ 11.1 mmol/L

Age, sex, BMI, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, family history of diabetes, gestational diabetes

Mohan et al. [49]

2005

India

Diagnosis of diabetes based on WHO Consulting Group criteria, that is, 2-hr PG ≥ 200 mg/dL

Age, abdominal obesity (waist circumference), physical activity, family history of diabetes

Pires de Sousa et al. [50]

2009

Brazil

FPG > 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L), that is, provisional diagnosis of diabetes according to ADA criteria, classified as type 2 diabetes patients

Age, BMI, hypertension

Ramachandran et al. [51]

2005

India

Diabetes diagnosis based on 2-h PG ≥ 11.1 mmol/L

Age, family history of diabetes, BMI, waist circumference, physical activity

Ruige et al. [52]

1997

The Netherlands

Participants underwent 75-g OGTT and were classified according to WHO criteria

Frequent thirst, pain during walking with need to slow down, shortness of breath when walking, age, sex, obesity (BMI), obesity (men), family history of diabetes, use of antihypertensive drugs, reluctance to use bicycle for transportation

Tabaei and Herman [53]

2002

Egypt

Undiagnosed diabetes defined based on FPG ≥ 126 mg/dL and/or 2-h PG ≥ 200 mg/dL

Age, random plasma glucose, postprandial time, sex, BMI

  1. aSDM, screen-detected diabetes; ADA, American Diabetes Association; BMI, body mass index; WHO/IDF, World Health Organisation/International Diabetes Federation; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; 2-h PG, two-hour 75-g postload plasma glucose level.