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Table 3 Comparison of changes in biomarkers during treatment with FYD or PYD

From: Regular consumption of vitamin D-fortified yogurt drink (Doogh) improved endothelial biomarkers in subjects with type 2 diabetes: a randomized double-blind clinical trial

 

Change in FYD group

(n = 50)

Change in PYD group (n = 50)

P a

Waist (cm)

-0.75 ± 2.8

+1.1 ± 3.6

0.005

BMI (kg/m2)

-0.17 ± 1.4

+0.25 ± 0.9

0.07

Fat mass (%)

+1.1 ± 3.0

-1.0 ± 5.3

0.23

Systolic BP (mm Hg)

-7.3 ± 18.5

-2.5 ± 14.6

0.15

Diastolic BP (mm Hg)

-3.5 ± 7.8

-0.63 ± 9.3

0.09

FSG (mg/dL)

-26.6 ± 45.6

+6.2 ± 44.8

< 0.0001

Fasting serum insulin (mU/L)

-4.3 ± 9.6

+3.8 ± 10.3

< 0.0001

HbA1c (%)

-0.9 ± 1.4

-0.4 ± 1.7

0.10

Quiccki index

+0.01 ± 0.02

-0.005 ± 0.02

< 0.0001

TG (mg/dL)

-30.3 ± 81.3

+0.12 ± 36.8

0.01

HDL-C (mg/dL)

+2.4 ± 8.3

-0.6 ± 6.7

0.04

TC (mg/dL)

-19.4 ± 34.8

-1.8 ± 31.7

0.009

LDL-C (mg/dL)

-10.7 ± 24.2

-1.5 ± 16.9

0.02

25(OH)D (nmol/L)

+32.6 ± 18.3

-2.7 ± 16.6

< 0.0001

iPTH (pg/ml)

-11.7 ± 20.6

4.3 ± 58.3

0.07

Microalbumin (mg/dl)

-6.3 ± 51.6

0.89 ± 24.8

0.38

Endothelin (ng/mL)

0.03 ± 0.55

0.35 ± 0.63

0.028

E-selectin (ng/mL)

-3.8 ± 7.3

+0.95 ± 8.3

0.003

MMP-9 (ng/mL)

-2.3 ± 3.7

+0.44 ± 7.1

0.02

  1. Data are presented as ± standard deviation
  2. aDifferences assessed by Student's t-test
  3. FYD, fortified yogurt drink; PYD, plain yogurt drink; BMI indicates body mass index; BP, blood pressure; FSG, fasting serum glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; TG, triglyceride; HDL-c high density lipoprotein; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low density cholesterol; 25-OHD,25-hydroxyvitamin D; iPTH, intact parathyroid hormone; MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase 9.