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Table 1 Risk of UTI from age 86 years onwards depending on socio-demographic, functional and medical baseline characteristics (n = 479)

From: Predictive factors of urinary tract infections among the oldest old in the general population. a population-based prospective follow-up study

 

Index group N (%)

Incidence in index group,

per 100 py (95% CI)

Incidence in reference group*,

per 100 py (95% CI)

HR (95%CI)

P-value

Socio-demographic factors

     

Female

322 (67.2)

12.8 (10.4, 15.2)

7.8 (5.1,10.6)

1.7 (1.1, 2.5)

0.012

Long-term care facility

107 (22.3)

23.5 (16.6, 25.6)

9.1 (7.3, 10.9)

2.4 (1.7, 3.4)

< 0.001

Low income

238 (49.7)

11.7 (9.1, 14.4)

10.5 (7.9, 13.1)

1.1 (0.8, 1.6)

0.547

Primary school only

296 (61.8)

12.8 (10.2, 15.3)

8.9 (6.1, 11.3)

1.5 (1.0, 2.1)

0.044

Smoking (current)

70 (14.6)

12.8 (7.3, 18.3)

11.0 (9.0, 12.9)

1.1 (0.7, 1.8)

0.618

Body Mass index ≥27

212 (47.2)

11.1 (8.4, 13.9)

9.9 (7.5, 12.4)

1.1 (0.8, 1.6)

0.535

Functioning

     

Severe cognitive impairment (MMSE < 19)

90 (19.0)

27.0 (18.6, 35.3)

9.0 (7.2, 10.8)

2.7 (1.9, 3.9)

< 0.001

Depressive symptoms (GDS-15 > 4)

58 (14.8)

8.8 (4.0, 13.5)

9.1 (7.2, 10.9)

1.0 (0.5, 1.7)

0.897

Disability in daily living †

283 (59.2)

16.2 (13.0, 19.4)

6.3 (4.3, 8.3)

2.4 (1.6, 3.5)

< 0.001

Co-morbidities

     

Diabetes mellitus

76 (15.9)

10.6 (5.8, 15.4)

10.4 (8.4, 12.3)

1.0 (0.6, 1.6)

0.963

Stroke

60 (12.6)

20.8 (12.5, 29.1)

10.2 (8.3, 12.0)

1.9 (1.2, 3.0)

0.004

Cancer

97 (20.6)

10.0 (6.0, 14.0)

11.3 (9.2, 13.4)

1.1 (0.7, 1.8)

0.589

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (IPSS score ≥8)

53 (38.1)

8.4 (3.6, 13.2)

6.3 (3.0, 9.6)

1.4 (0.7, 3.1)

0.376

UTI between the ages of 85 and 86 years

72 (15.0)

37.7 (26.5, 48.8)

8.5 (6.8, 10.2

4.1 (2.9, 5.9)

< 0.001

Unintentional loss of faeces

65 (13.6)

32.2 (21.2, 35.6)

9.1 (7.4, 10.9)

3.2 (2.2, 4.8)

< 0.001

Self-reported urine incontinence

212 (44.3)

16.1 (12.5, 19.6)

7.5 (5.5, 9.5)

2.0 (1.4, 2.9)

< 0.001

Medical diagnosis incontinence

95 (19.8)

16.1 (10.5, 21.7)

10.3 (8.4, 12.3)

1.5 (1.0, 2.2)

0.054

PRAFAB score ≥11

100 (81.3)

12.3 (8.0, 16.6)

12.0 (3.1, 21.0)

1.0 (0.4, 2.3)

0.987

PRAFAB: Pad use

91 (74.0)

3.6 (2.5, 5.2)

3.2 (1.7, 6.0)

1.2 (0.6, 2.5)

0.680

Creatinine clearance < 30 mL/min

43 (9.5)

12.1 (5.0, 19.3)

10.6 (8.7, 12.5)

0.9 (0.5, 1.7)

0.794

CRP > 5 mg/L

159 (34.0)

12.9 (9.3, 16.6)

10.1 (8.0, 12.2)

1.2 (0.9, 1.8)

0.222

  1. py = person-years; CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio; CRP = C-reactive protein; GDS-15 = 'Geriatric Depression Scale' with 15 items (only administered to participants with MMSE ≥19 (n = 393)); IPSS = 'International Prostate Symptom Score' (only administered to male participants with MMSE-score ≥19 (n = 139)); MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination; PRAFAB = five-item questionnaire score incontinence (only administered to participants with MMSE-score ≥19 (n = 123)); UTI = urinary tract infection.
  2. * Definition of reference groups: males, living independently, pension or other extra income, additional education after primary school, not smoking, BMI < 27, MMSE ≥19, GDS-15 ≤4, no disability in daily living, no diabetes, no stroke, IPSS score < 8, no UTI between the ages of 85 and 86 years, no history of cancer, no unintentional loss of faeces, no urine incontinence, no diagnosis incontinence GP/NP, PRAFAB < 8, creatinine clearance ≥30 mL/min, CRP ≤5 mg/L.
  3. † Disability in daily living = unable to do any one of the nine basic activities of daily living independently, according to the Groningen Activity Restriction Scale.