Best practice for motor imagery: a systematic literature review on motor imagery training elements in five different disciplines

Table 3 Overview of extracted descriptive study data for the discipline Education

Reference	First author	Year	Country^a	Language	Study duration, days	Intervention duration, days	Study design	Study groups	Number of participants	Participants	Gender	Age, years	Body part	Training task	Focus	Measurement events	Results^b		Quality rating
																	Relative change	Absolute change
[93]	Bucher, L	1993	USA	English	999	999	RCT	3	108	Nursing students	NSt	Range 19 to 21	Upper limb	Remove sterile gloves	M	1 (post-test)	↗	↗	5/10
[94]	Doheny, MO	1993	USA	English	1	1	RCT	4	95	Nursing students	Both	Mean = 21, range 18 to 40	Upper limb	Intramuscular injection	M	2 (pre-post test)	→	NSt	5/10
[95]	Immenroth, M	2005	DE	English	2	1	RCT	3	98	Surgeons	NSt	Mean ± SD = 32 ± 4	Upper limb	Laparoscopic cholecystectomy	M	2 (pre-post test)	↗	↗	9/10
[96]	Komesu	2009	USA	English	999	1	RCT	2	68	Surgeons	NSt	NSt	Upper limb	Surgical cystoscopy	C	1 (post-test)	↗	↗	8/10
[97]	Sanders, CW	2004	USA	English	21	21	RCT	3	65	Medical students	NSt	Students	Upper limb	Basic surgical procedures	M	2 (pre-post test)	→	↘	7/10
[98]	Sanders	2008	USA	English	15	2	RCT	2	64	Medical students	NSt	NSt	Upper limb	Basic surgical procedures	C	3 (post-tests, FU)	↗	↗	9/10
[99]	Stig, LC	1989	UK	English	1	1	RCT	2	35	Chiropractic students	Both	Mean = 23, range 19 to 40	Upper limb	Chiropractic adjustment skill	M	2 (pre-post test)	→	↗	6/10
[100]	Welk, A	2007	DE	English	999	999	RCT	2	41	Dentistry students	Both	Mean = 23	Upper limb	Preparation of tooth crown	C	2 (pre-post test)	↗	↗	8/10
[60]	Wright, CJ	2008	UK	English	999	28	RCT	2	56	Students	Both	University Students	Upper limb	Measuring blood pressure, antiseptic dressing task	C	2 (pre-post test)	↗	↗	8/10

^aCountries: AU = Australia, BE = Belgium, BR = Brazil, CA = Canada, DE = Germany, ES = Spain, FR = France, G = German, GR = Greece, HK = Hong Kong, IL = Israel, IR = Iran, IT = Italy, KR = South Korea, NL = The Netherlands, NZ = New Zealand, PT = Portugal, SE = Sweden, UK = United Kingdom, USA = United States of America.
^bTwo elements were used to describe the study results: relative and absolute change: relative change evaluates the MI group results versus results of other study groups, while absolute change indicates the change of the MI group from pre- to post-test. ↗, →, ↘ = indicate trends of the study results from pre- to post-test (↗ positive change, → - no change, ↘ - negative change, ≈ = no precise numbers of measurement events stated in the publication)
Abbreviations: BL = Baseline, C = cognitive, CG = control group, CRPS1 = complex regional pain syndrome type 1, int. = Intervention, M = motor, N/A = not applicable, NK, not known;,NSt = not stated, S = strength

ISSN: 1741-7015