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Table 4 Overview of extracted descriptive study data for the discipline Medicine

From: Best practice for motor imagery: a systematic literature review on motor imagery training elements in five different disciplines

Reference

First author

Year

Country

Language

Study duration, days

Intervention duration, days

Study design

Study groups

Number of participants

Participants

Gender

Age, years

Body part

Training task

Focus

Measurement events

Results

Quality rating

                 

Relative change

Absolute change

 

[84]

Bovend'Eerdt, TJH

2009

UK

E

999

56

RCT

2

11

Stroke, MS, TBI

Both

Mean ± SD = 50 ± 14

Whole body

Muscle stretching

M

2 (pre-post-test)

→

→

7/10

[58]

Bovend'Eerdt, TJH

2010

UK

E

126

35

RCT

2

30

Stroke, TBI, MS

Both

Mean ± SD = 50 ± 14

Lower limb

ADL tasks

M

3 (pre-post-test, FU)

→

↗

8/10

[101]

Cramer, SC

2007

USA

E

9

7

CS

N/A

20

SCI

NSt

Mean ± SD = 31 ± 4

Tongue, foot

Tapping

M

2 (pre-post-test)

N/A

↗

9/11

[102]

Crosbie, J

2004

UK

E

35

14

SCRD

N/A

10

Stroke

Both

Range 45 to 81

Upper limb

Reaching, grasping

M

10 (BL, during int., FU)

N/A

↗

10/11

[59]

Dickstein, R

2004

IL

E

42

42

SCRD

N/A

1

Stroke

Male

69

Lower limb

Walking

M

5 (BL, midterm, post-test, FU)

N/A

↗

9/11

[103]

Dijkerman, R

2004

UK

E

28

28

CCT

3

20

Stroke

Both

Mean ± SD = 64 ± 9

Upper limb

Reaching, grasping

M

2 (pre-post-test)

↗

↗

5/10

[104]

Dunsky, A

2006

IL

E

77

42

SCRD

N/A

4

Stroke

Male

Mean = 58, (64, 57, 63, 47)

Lower limb

Walking

M

5 (BL, midterm, post-test, FU)

N/A

↗

9/11

[105]

Dunsky, A

2008

IL

E

77

21

CS

N/A

17

Stroke

Both

Mean = 58

Lower limb

Walking

M

6 (BL, pre-test, during int., post-test, FU)

N/A

↗

11/11

[38]

Guillot, A

2009

FR

E

14

999

RCT

2

14

hand burn

Both

Mean ± SD = 47 ± 14, range 27 to 74

Upper limb

Wrist + finger movements

M

≈ 6 (pre-test, during int., post-test)

↗

↗

7/10

[106]

Gustin, SM

2008

AU

E

15

7

CS

N/A

15

SCI

Male

Mean = 47, range 26 to 67

Lower limb

Plantarflexion, dorsiflexion

M

2 (pre-post-test)

N/A

↘

8/11

[107]

Hewett, T

2007

USA

E

56

42

SCRD

N/A

5

Stroke

Both

Mean = 53 ± 5, range 38 to 76

Upper limb

Reaching, grasping

M

2 (pre-post-test)

N/A

↗

7/11

[108]

Jackson, PL

2004

CA

E

35

21

SCRD

N/A

1

Hemorrhage- related lesion

Male

38

Lower limb

Foot serial response time task

M

2 (pre-post-test)

N/A

↗

8/11

[109]

Liu, K

2004

HK

E

21

21

RCT

2

46

Stroke

Both

Mean = 72

Whole body

ADL tasks

M

3 (pre-post-test, FU)

↗

↗

7/10

[110]

Liu, K

2004

HK

E

49

14

SCRD

N/A

2

Stroke

Both

65, 66

Whole body

ADL tasks

M

3 (pre-post-test, FU)

N/A

↗

7/11

[111]

Liu, KPY

2009

HK

E

999

2

RCT

2

33

Stroke

Both

Mean = 70 ± 8

Whole body

ADL tasks

M

2 (pre-post-test)

↗

↗

8/10

[62]

Malouin, F

2004

CA

E

2

1

CS

N/A

12

Stroke

Both

Mean = 53 ± 12

Lower limb

Symmetrical load standing up + sitting down

M

3 (pre-post-test, FU)

N/A

↗

9/11

[63]

Malouin, F

2009

CA

E

42

21

RCT

3

12

Stroke

Both

Mean = 61 ± 8, range 53 to 75

Lower limb

Symmetrical load standing up + sitting down

M

3 (pre-post-test, FU)

↗

↗

8/10

[112]

McCarthy, M

2002

UK

E

999

999

SCRD

N/A

2

CVA, TBI

Male

64, 36

 

Neglect

M

3 (pre-test, during int., post-test)

N/A

↗

9/11

[113]

Moseley, GL

2004

AU

E

210

14

RCT

2

13

CRPS1 after wrist fracture

Both

Mean ± SD = 37 ± 15

Upper limb

Hand + finger movements

M

5 (pre-test, during int., post-test, FU)

↗

↗

7/10

[114]

Moseley, GL

2005

AU

E

126

14

RCT

3

20

CRPS1 after wrist fracture

Both

Mean = 34 ± 8

Upper limb

Hand + finger movements

M

5 (pre-test, during int., post-test, FU)

↗

↗

7/10

[47]

Moseley, GL

2006

AU

E

84

14

RCT

2

51

Phantom limb, CRPS1

Both

37

Upper limb

Hand + finger movements

M

3 (pre-post-test, FU)

↗

↗

7/10

[86]

Moseley, GL

2008

Western Europe + AU

E

1

1

CCT

2

37

CRPS1, no-CRPS1 pain

Both

Mean ± SD = 41 ± 14

Upper limb

Hand + finger movements

M

2 (pre-post-test)

→

↘

5/10

[115]

Mueller, K

2007

DE

E

98

28

RCT

3

17

Stroke

Both

Mean ± SD = 62 ± 10

Upper limb

Finger+hand movements

M

8 (BL, during int., post-test, FU)

→

↗

6/10

[116]

Page, SJ

2000

USA

E

28

28

RCT

2

16

Stroke

Male

Mean = 63

Upper limb

Weightbearing + functional task

M

2 (pre-post-test)

↗

↗

7/10

[65]

Page, SJ

2001

USA

E

56

42

SCRD

N/A

1

Stroke

Male

56

Upper limb

Whole arm movements

M

3 (BL, post-test)

N/A

↗

7/11

[64]

Page, SJ

2001

USA

E

56

42

RCT

2

13

Stroke

Both

Mean ± SD = 65, range 64 to 79

Upper limb

Whole arm movements

M

3 (BL, post-test)

↗

↗

7/10

[117]

Page, SJ

2005

USA

E

56

42

RCT

2

11

Stroke

Both

Mean = 62 ± 5, range 53 to 71

Upper limb

Hand ADL tasks

M

3 (BL, post-test)

↗

↗

8/10

[118]

Page, SJ

2007

USA

E

999

72

CS

N/A

4

Stroke

Both

Mean = 63, range 49 to 73

Upper limb

Hand ADL tasks

M

2 (pre-post-test)

N/A

↗

10/11

[119]

Page, SJ

2007

USA

E

63

42

RCT

2

32

Stroke

NSt

Mean ± SD = 60 ± 14

Upper limb

Hand ADL tasks

M

3 (BL, post-test)

↗

↗

8/10

[120]

Page, SJ

2009

USA

E

91

70

CS

N/A

10

Stroke

Both

Mean = 57 ± 12, range 37 to 69

Upper limb

Whole arm ADL tasks

M

3 (BL, post-test)

N/A

↗

9/11

[121]

Page, SJ

2009

USA

E

168

70

RCT

2

10

Stroke

Both

Mean ± SD = 61 ± 3, range 48 to 79

Upper limb

Whole arm ADL tasks

M

4 (BL, post-test, FU)

↗

↗

8/10

[122]

Riccio, I

2010

IT

E

42

21

RCT

2

36

Stroke

Both

Mean = 60 ± 12

Upper limb

Whole arm ADL tasks

M

3 (pre-test, first + second study part)

↗

↗

8/10

[123]

Simmons, L

2008

UK

E

999

10

CS

CS

10

Stroke

Both

Mean = 68 ± 14

Upper limb

Whole arm movements

M

3 (pre-post-test, FU)

N/A

↗

7/11

[66]

Stenekes, MW

2009

NL

E

84

42

RCT

2

25

Surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome

Both

Mean ± SD = 34 ± 11

Upper limb

Passive bending + straightening wrist + fingers

M

3 (pre-post-test, FU)

↗

↗

7/10

[124]

Stevens, JA

2003

USA

E

128

28

SCRD

N/A

2

Stroke

Both

76; 63

Upper limb

Wrist movements, object manipulation

M

4 (pre-test, during int., post-test, FU)

N/A

↗

7/11

[125]

Tamir, R

2007

IL

E

84

84

RCT

2

23

Parkinson disease

Both

Mean ± SD = 67 ± 10

Whole body

ADL tasks

M

2 (pre-post-test)

↗

↗

7/10

[126]

Yoo, EY

2006

KR

E

10

999

SCRD

N/A

3

Stroke

Male

Mean = 57, (46, 70, 56)

Lower limb

Symmetrical weightbearing

M

21 (BL, during int., post-test, FU)

N/A

↗

9/11

  1. aCountries: AU = Australia, BE = Belgium, BR = Brazil, CA = Canada, DE = Germany, ES = Spain, FR = France, G = German, GR = Greece, HK = Hong Kong, IL = Israel, IR = Iran, IT = Italy, KR = South Korea, NL = The Netherlands, NZ = New Zealand, PT = Portugal, SE = Sweden, UK = United Kingdom, USA = United States of America.
  2. bTwo elements were used to describe the study results: relative and absolute change: relative change evaluates the MI group results versus results of other study groups, while absolute change indicates the change of the MI group from pre- to post-test. ↗, →, ↘ = indicate trends of the study results from pre- to post-test (↗ positive change, → - no change, ↘ - negative change, ≈ = no precise numbers of measurement events stated in the publication)
  3. Abbreviations: BL = Baseline, C = cognitive, CG = control group, CRPS1 = complex regional pain syndrome type 1, int. = Intervention, M = motor, MS = multiple sclerosis; N/A = not applicable, NK, not known;,NSt = not stated, S = strength, SCI = spinal cord injury, TBI = traumatic brain injury
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