Table 6 Overview of extracted descriptive study data for the discipline Psychology

[132]

Allami, N

2008

FR

E

1

1

RCT

5

25

Students

NSt

Mean = 29, range 20 to 37

Upper limb

Grasping task

M

2 (pre-post-test)

↗

↗

7/10

[133]

Alves, J

1999

PT

E

28

28

CCT

4

64

Pupils

Both

Range 15 to 17

Whole body

Volleyball service

M

2 (pre-post-test)

→

↗

3/10

[134]

Andre, C

1986

USA

E

5

5

CCT

3

66

Students

Male

Mean = 21 ± 3

Whole body

Frisbee disc gold putting/throwing

M

2 (pre-post-test)

→

↗

4/10

[135]

Chevalier, H

1986

CA/FR

E

1

1

RCT

5

30

Students

Both

Undergraduate students

Upper limb

Moving computer mouse

C

1 (post-test only)

↗

↗

6/10

[136]

Clark, LV

1960

USA

E

28

21

CCT

2

144

Pupils

Male

High-school pupils

Whole body

Pacific coast one-hand foul shot

M

2 (pre-post-test)

→

↗

5/10

[137]

Clegg, BC

2004

USA

E

1

1

SCRD

N/A

28

Older adults, students

Both

Old: mean = 74, range 62 to 88; young: mean = 22, range 18 to 26

Upper limb

Movement with stylus

M

1 (post-test only)

N/A

→

8/11

[138]

Corbin, CB

1967

USA

E

28

21

RCT

3

30

Pupils

Male

High-school pupils

Whole body

Wand-juggling skill

M

2× BL, post-test, FU 1 day

↘

↗

5/10

[139]

Cornwall, MW

1991

USA

E

4

4

RCT

2

24

Females

Female

Mean = 23, range 21 to 25

Lower limb

Strength of quadriceps muscle

S

2 (pre-post-test)

↗

↗

6/10

[140]

Decety, J

1991

USA

E

1

1

RCT

2

20

Students

Both

Mean = 23 ± 2

Lower limb

Walking on beam

M

5 (during int., post-test)

↗

↗

6/10

[41]

Etnier, J

1996

USA

E

1

1

RCT

9

153

Students

Both

Mean ± SD = 23 ± 4

Whole body

Basketball shooting

M

3 (pre-test, during int., post-test)

↗

↗

6/10

[141]

Gassner, K

2007

DE

G

999

21

RCT

2

36

Students

Both

Mean = 24

Lower limb

Walking with knee prosthesis

M

2 (pre-post-test)

↗

↗

7/10

[142]

Gordon, S

1994

AU

E

21

21

RCT

3

64

High-school pupils

NSt

High-school pupils

Whole body

Cricket outswing

M

6 (pre-test, during int., post-test)

→

↗

6/10

[143]

Gray, SW

1990

USA

E

21

14.0

RCT

2

24

Males

Male

Mean = 22, range 18 to 26

Whole body

Forehand and backhand racquetball skills

M

2 (pre-post-test)

↗

↗

6/10

[144]

Hellwing, W

1976

DE

G

14

14

CCT

2

72

Pupils

Male

Mean = 12, range 11 to 13

Whole body

Fosbury flop

M

1 (post-test)

→

↗

4/10

[145]

Hemayattalab, R

2009

IR

E

38

24

RCT

5

40

Mentally retarded children

NSt

Mean = 14, range 12 to 15

Whole body

Basketball free throw

M

3 (pre-post-test, FU)

↗

↗

6/10

[146]

Herrero, J

2004

ES

E

7

7

CCT

2

27

Students

Female

Mean ± SD = 20 ± 0.1

Upper limb

Bench-press

S

2 (pre-post-test)

↗

↗

6/10

[56]

Isaac, AR

1992

NZ

E

126

126

CCT

2

70

Students

NSt

NSt

Whole body

Three trampoline skills

M

6 (after 1, 6, 7, 12, 13, 18 weeks)

→

→

6/10

[147]

Jaehme, W

1978

DE

G

21

14

RCT

3

48

Pupils

Male

Mean = 16

Whole body

Crawl swimming

M

2 (pre-post-test)

↗

↗

5/10

[42]

Jarus, T

2000

IL

E

1

1

RCT

2

89

Children, adults

Both

Children: mean ± SD = 10 ± 1; adults: 28 ± 5; older adults: 67 ± 2

Upper limb

Two-arm coordination task

C

6 (during int., FU)

↗

↗

6/10

[148]

Jones, JG

1965

AU

E

14

14

RCT

2

71

Students

Male

Students

Whole body

Hock-swing upstart

M

2 (during int., post-test)

↗

↗

7/10

[149]

Kelsey, IB

1961

CA

E

22

2

RCT

3

36

Students

Male

University students

Trunk, lower limb

Endurance abdominal + thigh-flexor muscles

M

2 (pre-post-test)

↗

↗

7/10

[150]

Kohl, RM

1980

USA

E

1

1

RCT

3

60

Students

NSt

Mean = 21

Upper limb

Pursuit rotor task

C

28 (during int., post-test)

→

↗

5/10

[150]

Kohl, RM

1980

USA

E

1

1

RCT

3

60

Students

Male

Mean = 20

Upper limb

Pursuit rotor task

C

36 (during int., post-test)

→

↗

5/10

[150]

Kohl, RM

1980

USA

E

1

1

RCT

6

108

Pupils

Male

Mean = 17

Upper limb

Pursuit rotor task

C

NSt

↘

↗

5/10

[151]

Kornspan, AS

2004

USA

E

5

4

RCT

4

40

Students

Both

Mean = 20

Whole body

Golf putting

M

3 (pre-post-tes)t

→

↗

6/10

[152]

Kremer, P

2009

AU

E

1

1

RCT

4

209

Students

Both

Mean ± SD = 21 ± 3

Whole body

Dart throwing with non-preferred hand

M

2 (pre-post-test)

→

↗

7/10

[153]

Krigolson, O

2006

CA

E

1

1

CCT

6

42

Healthy participants

NSt

Range 18 to 32

Lower limb

Walking along walkway

M

20 (during int., post-test)

→

↗

4/10

[57]

Lejeune, M

1994

BE

E

7

4

CCT

4

40

University students + staff

Both

Mean = 22, range 19 to 27

Whole body

Counterattack forehand and backhand (table tennis)

M

3 (Pre-post-test, FU)

↗

↗

5/10

[154]

Linden, CA

1989

USA

E

14

8

RCT

2

23

Healthy participants

Female

Mean = 79, range 67 to 90

Whole body

Walking balance, equilibrium reactions

M

3 (pre-test, during int., post-test)

→

→

8/10

[45]

Lutz, R

2001

USA

E

1

1

RCT

5

120

Students

Both

Undergraduate students

Whole body

Golf putting

M

2 (pre-post-test)

↗

↗

7/10

[155]

Maring, JR

1990

USA

E

1

1

RCT

2

26

University students + staff

Both

Mean = 30; range 22 to 40

Upper limb

Tossing a ping-pong ball to target

M

2 (pre-post-test)

↗

↗

6/10

[67]

Martin, KA

1995

CA

E

6

6

RCT

3

39

Students

Both

Mean ± SD = 27 ± 6

Whole body

Golf putting

M

2 (pre-post-test)

↗

↗

6/10

[156]

McAleney, P

1990

USA

E

999

21

RCT

2

20

Students

Both

Mean = 19, range 18 to 20

Whole body

Tennis shooting skills

M

2 (pre-post-test)

→

↗

7/10

[157]

Minas, SC

1978

UK

E

1

1

RCT

4

32

Students

Both

Undergraduate students

Whole body

Throwing performance

M

2 (pre-post-test)

→

↗

6/10

[68]

O, J

2008

CA

E

999

1

RCT

5

97

Healthy students

Both

Mean ± SD = 18 ± 2

Whole body

Dribbling a soccer ball

M

2 (pre-post-test)

↗

↗

7/10

[158]

Papaxanthis, PC

2002

FR

E

1

1

RCT

2

16

Students

Both

Mean = 21, range 19 to 23

Lower + upper limb

Walking + writing task

M

5 (during int., post-test)

→

↗

6/10

[159]

Phipps, SJ

1969

USA

E

21

21

RCT

2

72

Students

Male

University students

Whole body

Hock swing, jump-foot, soccer hitch kick

M

2 (pre-post-test)

↗

↗

6/10

[160]

Ranganathan, VK

2004

USA

E

231

84

RCT

4

30

Healthy participants

Both

Mean ± SD = 30 ± 5

Upper limb

Muscle strength of little finger abduction, elbow flexion

S

18 (BL, during int., FU)

→

↗

6/10

[35]

Rapp, G

1973

DE

G

14

9

RCT

3

58

Pre-school children

Both

Mean = 6

Whole body

Skipping

M

2 (pre-post-test)

→

↗

7/10

[161]

Rawlings, E

1972

USA

E

11

10

RCT

3

24

Students

Female

Undergraduate students

Upper limb

Rotary pursuit tracking

C

10 (pre-test, during int., post-test)

→

↗

6/10

[161]

RawlingsE

1972

USA

E

10

9

RCT

2

20

Students

Male

Students

Upper limb

Rotary pursuit tracking

C

10 (pre-test, during int., post-test)

→

↗

5/10

[69]

Reiser, M

2005

DE

G

28

28

RCT

3

34

Students

Both

Mean ± SD = 24 ± 2, range 20 to 27

Upper limb

Bench-press

S

4 (pre-test, during int., post-test)

↘

↗

6/10

[83]

Rodrigues, EC

2010

BR

E

1

1

CS

N/A

18

Students

Both

Mean = 26, range 19 to 33

Lower limb

Plantar flexion

M

2 (pre-post-test)

↗

↗

9/11

[162]

Ryan, E

1981

USA

E

1

1

RCT

3

39

Students

Male

Undergraduate students

Upper limb + whole body

'Dial-a-maze' pattern, stabilometer performance

M

2 (pre-post-test)

↘

↗

5/10

[163]

Ryan, E

1982

USA

E

1

1

RCT

6

80

Traffic officers

Male

Mean = 36, range 23 to 57

Whole body

Stabilometer performance

M

4 (pre-test, during int., post-test)

↗

↗

7/10

[164]

Shackell, EM

2007

CA

E

21

10

RCT

3

30

Students

Male

Mean ± SD = 20 ± 2

Lower limb

Strength-training of hip flexor muscle

S

2 (pre-post-test)

↗

↗

7/10

[165]

Sidaway, B

2005

USA

E

28

28

RCT

3

24

Students

Both

Mean = 23, range 19 to 26

Lower limb

Ankle dorsiflexor torque

M

2 (pre-post-test)

→

↗

7/10

[166]

Singer, RN

1970

USA

E

35

28

RCT

5

65

Students

Female

College students

Upper limb

Learning a pursuit rotor task

C

2 (pre-post-test)

→

↗

5/10

[167]

Smith, LE

1962

USA

E

1

1

CCT

6

60

Students

Male

Mean = 20, range 17 to 27

Upper limb

Hand-eye coordination task; punchboard learning task

M

2 (pre-post-test)

→

↗

4/10

[72]

Smith, D

2001

UK

E

21

21

RCT

2

27

Students

Both

Mean ± SD = 20 ± 3

Whole body

Landing hockey penalty

M

2 (pre-post-test)

↗

↗

7/10

[71]

Smith, D

2004

UK

E

49

49

RCT

3

19

University students + staff

Male

Mean ± SD = 30 ± 8

Upper limb

Strength of abductor digiti minimi

S

2 (pre-post-test)

→

↗

7/10

[71]

Smith, D

2004

UK

E

1

1

RCT

4

24

University students + staff

Both

Mean ± SD = 29 ± 8

Upper limb

Barrier knock-down task

C

2 (pre-post-test)

→

↗

7/10

[168]

Smyth, MM

1975

UK

E

1

1

RCT

7

70

Students

Both

Undergraduate and postgraduate students

Upper limb

Mirror drawing of a star

C

2 (pre-post-test)

↘

↗

5/10

[168]

Smyth, MM

1975

UK

E

1

1

RCT

7

71

Students

Both

Undergraduate and postgraduate students

Upper limb

Pursuit rotor task

C

1 (post-test)

↗

↗

5/10

[169]

Start, KB

1960

AU

E

9

9

CS

N/A

35

Pupils

Male

12

Whole body

Basketball throw

M

2 (pre-post-test)

N/A

↗

6/11

[170]

Start, KB

1964

AU

E

7

6

CS

N/A

21

Students

Male

Mean = 20, range 18 to 21

Whole body

Single leg upstart on high-bar

M

1 (post-test)

N/A

↗

7/11

[87]

Start, KB

1964

AU

E

7

6

CS

N/A

44

Students

Male

Mean = 19, range 18 to 25

Whole body

Single leg upstart on high-bar

M

1 (post-test)

N/A

→

7/11

[88]

Start, KB

1964

AU

E

14

6

CS

N/A

32

Students

Male

Mean = 20, range 18 to 21

Whole body

Single leg upstart on high-bar

M

1 (post-test)

N/A

→

6/11

[171]

Stebbins, RJ

1968

USA

E

42

21

RCT

5

93

Students

Male

College students

Whole body

Throwing ball into target

M

8-18 (pre-test, during int., post-test)

→

↗

5/10

[172]

Surburg, PR

1968

USA

E

63

56

CCT

7

183

Students

Male

Junior college students

Whole body

Tennis forehand drive

M

2 (pre-post-test)

→

↗

5/10

[36]

Taktek, K

2004

CA

E

1

1

CCT

4

64

Children

Both

Mean = 9, range 8 to 10

Upper limb

Pushing play vehicle

C

2 (pre-post-test)

→

↗

4/10

[73]

Toussaint, L

2010

FR

E

3

2

RCT

8

80

Students

Both

Mean ± SD = 23 ± 3

Lower limb

Knee joint angles

M

3 (pre-post-test, FU)

→

↗

6/10

[173]

Tunney, N

2006

USA

E

2

2

RCT

2

19

Older adults

Both

Mean = 76, range 66 to 89

Lower limb

Walking with quad cane + climbing four stairs

M

2 (pre-post-test)

→

↗

7/10

[174]

Twining, W

1949

USA

E

22

20

RCT

3

36

Students

Male

College students

Whole body

Throwing rings at target

M

2 (pre-post-test)

-1

↗

4/10

[175]

van Gyn, GH

1990

CA

E

42

42

RCT

4

40

Students

Both

Undergraduate students

Lower limb

Power + sprint performance on ergometer

M

2 (pre-post-test)

→

↗

6/10

[176]

Vandell, RA

1943

USA

E

20

18

RCT

3

36

Pupils and college students

Male

Junior, senior high-school and college students

Whole body

Throwing darts at target, basketball free throws

M

2 (pre-post-test)

→

↗

5/10

[37]

Vergeer, I

2006

UK

E

28

28

RCT

3

36

University staff

Both

Mean ± SD = 41 ± 10

Lower limb

Flexibility around hip joint

M

2 (pre-post-test)

→

↗

7/10

[74]

Wakefield, CJ

2009

UK

E

999

28

RCT

4

32

Students

Female

University students

Whole body

Netball shooting performance

C

2 (pre-post-test)

↗

↗

7/10

[75]

White, KD

1979

AU

E

9

8

CCT

4

24

High-school pupils + university students

NSt

Mean = 19, range 13 to 27

Whole body

Action-reaction swimming start

M

2 (pre-post-test)

→

↗

4/10

[177]

Whiteley, G

1966

UK

E

84

84

CCT

4

88

Pupils

Male

Mean = 11

Whole body

Neck spring, head spring, short-arm overswing

M

1 (post-test)

↗

↗

3/10

[76]

Williams, JG

2004

UK

E

21

21

RCT

3

24

Undergraduate students

Both

Mean ± SD = 21 ± 2

Lower limb

Rom hip flexion

M

6 (pre-test, during int., post-test, FU)

↗

↗

7/10

[178]

Wohldamm, EL

2007

USA

E

84

2

CCT

4

80

Students

NSt

Undergraduate and postgraduate students

Upper limb

Number typing task

M

2 (post-test)

→

↗

4/10

[178]

Wohldamm, EL

2007

USA

E

1

1

CCT

4

108

Students

NSt

Undergraduate and postgraduate students

Upper limb

Number typing task

M

3 (pre-test, FU)

→

↗

5/10

[179]

Woolfolk, RL

1985

USA

E

1

1

RCT

6

48

Students

Male

Undergraduate college students

Whole body

Putt golf balls into cup

M

2 (pre-post-test)

→

↗

7/10

[180]

Woolfolk, RL

1985

USA

E

7

6

RCT

3

30

Students

Both

College students

Whole body

Golf backswing and putting stroke

M

2 (pre-post test)

↗

↗

5/10

[77]

Wright, CJ

2009

UK

E

999

42

RCT

5

50

Students

NSt

Mean ± SD = 21 ± 4

Upper limb

Biceps curl task

S

2 (pre-post-test)

↗

↗

7/10

[78]

Yaguez, L

1998

DE

E

1

1

CCT

2

58

Volunteers

Both

Mean ± SD = 35 ± 11, range 22 to 73

Upper limb

Ideogram drawing

C

3 (pre-test, during int., post-test)

→

↗

6/10

[78]

Yaguez, L

1998

DE

G

1

1

CCT

2

52

Volunteers

Both

Mean = 30, range 22 to 49

Upper limb

Connecting circles

C

3 (pre-test, during int., post-test)

↗

↗

6/10

[181]

Zecker, SG

1982

USA

E

1

1

RCT

4

40

Students

Both

Undergraduate college students

Whole body

Tossing beanbag to target

M

2 (pre-post-test)

↗

↗

5/10