From: Cross-national epidemiology of DSM-IV major depressive episode
Parameter | Total, OR (95% CI) | Belgium, OR (95% CI) | France, OR (95% CI) | Germany, OR (95% CI) | Israel, OR (95% CI) | Italy, OR (95% CI) | Japan, OR (95% CI) | Netherlands, OR (95% CI) | New Zealand, OR (95% CI) | Spain, OR (95% CI) | USA, OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||||||||||
Women | 1.8 (1.6 to 2.0)* | 1.6 (0.9 to 2.8) | 1.7 (1.2 to 2.5)* | 1.7 (1.0 to 3.0) | 1.6 (1.2 to 2.1)* | 2.5 (1.6 to 3.8)* | 2.3 (1.4 to 4.0)* | 2.3 (1.5 to 3.5)* | 1.7 (1.4 to 2.1)* | 2.7 (1.9 to 3.8)* | 1.7 (1.4 to 2.1)* |
Men | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Age | |||||||||||
18-34 | 2.7 (2.3 to 3.1)* | 2.6 (0.9 to 7.7) | 3.5 (1.7 to 7.4)* | 3.8 (1.6 to 9.2)* | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.6) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.5) | 4.8 (2.3 to 10.0)* | 2.6 (1.2 to 5.7)* | 5.5 (3.9 to 7.8)* | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.7) | 4.3 (3.1 to 6.0)* |
35-49 | 2.2 (1.9 to 2.6)* | 2.2 (1.0 to 4.8)* | 2.5 (1.2 to 5.3)* | 2.3 (1.0 to 5.5) | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.4) | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.3) | 2.7 (1.3 to 5.6)* | 2.5 (1.2 to 5.4)* | 4.4 (3.2 to 6.2)* | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.6) | 3.9 (2.7 to 5.5)* |
50-64 | 2.0 (1.7 to 2.3)* | 2.5 (1.1 to 5.6)* | 2.3 (1.1 to 4.7)* | 2.4 (1.0 to 5.5)* | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.6) | 1.2 (0.7 to 2.1) | 2.4 (1.2 to 4.8)* | 1.9 (0.9 to 3.8)* | 2.9 (2.0 to 4.1)* | 1.6 (1.1 to 2.3)* | 3.1 (2.1 to 4.5)* |
65+ | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Marital status b | |||||||||||
Separated | 3.6 (2.9 to 4.6)* | 7.3 (1.8 to 29.7)* | 6.2 (1.8 to 21.3)* | - | 2.6 (1.0 to 6.8) | 2.8 (1.1 to 7.5)* | 10.8 (2.1 to 55.6)* | - | 3.4 (2.4 to 4.8)* | 3.2 (1.3 to 7.7)* | 4.0 (2.7 to 6.0)* |
Divorced | 2.1 (1.8 to 2.5)* | 1.9 (0.7 to 5.3) | 1.1 (0.5 to 2.5) | 3.1 (1.4 to 7.1)* | 2.2 (1.5 to 3.4)* | 0.6 (0.1 to 5.0) | 5.1 (2.1 to 12.6)* | 2.7 (1.5 to 4.9)* | 2.8 (2.0 to 3.8)* | 3.3 (1.2 to 8.9)* | 1.7 (1.3 to 2.3)* |
Widowed | 1.4 (1.2 to 1.7)* | 1.4 (0.6 to 3.4) | 1.5 (0.7 to 3.2) | 2.3 (1.2 to 4.5)* | 2.1 (1.4 to 3.3)* | 1.5 (0.9 to 2.7) | 0.9 (0.4 to 2.1) | 0.8 (0.3 to 2.2) | 1.3 (0.9 to 1.8) | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.2) | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.9) |
Never married | 1.8 (1.6 to 2.0)* | 1.3 (0.6 to 2.9) | 2.0 (1.2 to 3.5)* | 2.6 (1.6 to 4.2)* | 1.4 (1.0 to 1.9)* | 1.5 (1.0 to 2.2) | 3.1 (1.6 to 5.7)* | 1.8 (1.0 to 3.4) | 2.3 (1.8 to 3.0)* | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.4) | 1.8 (1.5 to 2.1)* |
Currently married | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Living arrangements | |||||||||||
Alone | 1.8 (1.6 to 2.0)* | 1.3 (0.6 to 2.7) | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.3) | 2.5 (1.6 to 3.9)* | 2.1 (1.5 to 2.9)* | 1.7 (1.1 to 2.8)* | 2.9 (1.2 to 6.8)* | 1.6 (1.1 to 2.4)* | 1.8 (1.4 to 2.3)* | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.6) | 1.7 (1.4 to 2.2)* |
With others | 1.9 (1.7 to 2.2)* | 1.5 (0.8 to 2.8) | 2.2 (1.4 to 3.7)* | 2.9 (1.6 to 5.1)* | 1.6 (1.2 to 2.1)* | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.1) | 3.0 (1.6 to 5.6)* | 1.9 (0.8 to 4.3) | 2.5 (2.0 to 3.1)* | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.7) | 1.8 (1.5 to 2.1)* |
With spouse | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Income | |||||||||||
Low | 1.7 (1.5 to 2.0)* | 1.3 (0.7 to 2.6) | 2.4 (1.2 to 4.6)* | 2.7 (1.3 to 5.6)* | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.7) | 1.3 (0.6 to 2.9) | 0.5 (0.2 to 1.4) | 1.1 (0.6 to 1.9) | 2.2 (1.6 to 3.0)* | 1.0 (0.5 to 2.0) | 2.1 (1.5 to 2.8)* |
Low average | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.5)* | 1.1 (0.5 to 2.4) | 1.4 (0.7 to 2.6) | 1.6 (0.7 to 3.5) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.3) | 1.2 (0.6 to 2.3) | 0.5 (0.2 to 1.2) | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.8) | 1.5 (1.2 to 2.0)* | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.8) | 1.4 (1.0 to 1.8)* |
High average | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.2) | 0.9 (0.4 to 2.0) | 1.3 (0.7 to 2.3) | 1.6 (0.9 to 3.1) | 0.8 (0.6 to 1.1) | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.5) | 0.5 (0.2 to 1.3) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.6) | 1.3 (1.0 to 1.7) | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.5) | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.5) |
High | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Education | |||||||||||
Low | 1.0 (0.9 to 1.2) | 1.4 (0.8 to 2.5) | - | 1.0 (0.2 to 4.3) | 1.5 (1.0 to 2.2)* | 1.5 (0.9 to 2.5) | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.6)* | 1.1 (0.6 to 1.9) | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.2) | 1.2 (0.7 to 1.9) | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.8)* |
Low average | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.3) | 0.9 (0.4 to 2.2) | - | 1.6 (0.4 to 5.8) | 1.3 (0.9 to 1.8) | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.4) | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.4) | 1.3 (0.7 to 2.6) | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.4) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.3) | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.5) |
High average | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.3) | 1.8 (0.8 to 3.8) | - | 1.1 (0.2 to 5.2) | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.6) | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.5) | 0.7 (0.3 to 1.6) | 1.5 (0.7 to 3.2) | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.1) | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.6) | 1.4 (1.0 to 1.8)* |
High | 1.0 | 1.0 | - | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |