Skip to main content

Table 1 Neonatal and demographic characteristics

From: Reduced perinatal mortality following enhanced training of birth attendants in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a time-dependent effect

 

Pre-ENC

(N = 1,867)

Post-ENC

(N = 5,528)

P-value

Post-NRP Control

(N = 3,317)

Post-NRP Intervention

(N = 2,883)

P-value

Birth attendant a

1,867

5,528

0.0011

3,317

2,883

0.9971

   Physician

5 (0.3)

1 (0.0)

 

1 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

 

   Nurse/midwife

330 (17.7)

1,242 (22.5)

 

973 (29.3)

859 (29.8)

 

   Traditional birth attendants

1,481 (79.3)

4,248 (76.8)

 

2,331 (70.3)

2,012 (69.8)

 

   Family/unattended/other

51 (2.7)

37 (0.7)

 

12 (0.4)

11 (0.4)

 

Location of birth b

1,867

5,528

0.0013

3,317

2,883

0.8681

   Hospital

2 (0.1)

3 (0.1)

 

3 (0.1)

1 (0.0)

 

   Clinic

403 (21.6)

1,473 (26.6)

 

1,056 (31.8)

988 (34.3)

 

   Birth attendant home

1,328 (71.1)

4,019 (72.7)

 

2,248 (67.8)

1,889 (65.5)

 

   Home

116 (6.2)

13 (0.2)

 

4 (0.1)

4 (0.1)

 

   Other

18 (1.0)

20 (0.4)

 

6 (0.2)

1 (0.0)

 

Maternal education

1,864

5,515

0.9603

3,315

2,880

0.0411

   No school

1,204 (64.6)

3,545 (64.3)

 

2,472 (74.6)

1,693 (58.8)

 

   Primary

567 (30.4)

1,726 (31.3)

 

736 (22.2)

1,064 (36.9)

 

   Secondary or above

93 (5.0)

244 (4.4)

 

107 (3.2)

123 (4.3)

 

Neonatal characteristics

      

   Multiple birth

55 (2.9)

176 (3.2)

0.7293

99 (3.0)

78 (2.7)

0.6131

   Gender

1,857

5,522

0.1936

3,316

2,877

0.0382

Male

948 (51.1)

2,896 (52.4)

 

1,750 (52.8)

1,459 (50.7)

 

Female

909 (48.9)

2,626 (47.6)

 

1,566 (47.2)

1,418 (49.3)

 

   Birth weight

1,853

5,508

0.7716

3,313

2,875

0.9781

1500-1999 grams

50 (2.7)

106 (1.9)

 

58 (1.8)

48 (1.7)

 

2000-2499 grams

132 (7.1)

454 (8.2)

 

273 (8.2)

238 (8.3)

 

≥ 2500 grams

1,671 (90.2)

4,948 (89.8)

 

2,982 (90.0)

2,589 (90.1)

 

   Apgar 1 min < 4

74/1,852 (4.0)

196/5,522 (3.5)

0.2625

105/3,316 (3.2)

85/2,877 (3.0)

0.7124

   Apgar 5 min < 4

49/1,853 (2.6)

144/5,522 (2.6)

0.9186

91/3,316 (2.7)

67/2,877 (2.3)

0.5754

   Apneic at birth

186/1,855 (10.0)

394/5,518 (7.1)

0.0017

193/3,315 (5.8)

158/2,877 (5.5)

0.7470

   Bag and mask ventilation

1/1,867 (0.1)

14/5,528 (0.3)

0.1901

62/3,317 (1.9)

103/2,883 (3.6)

0.0793

  1. Notes: Numbers in cells indicate number of infants for which data are available; percentages of the total are in parentheses. P-values are adjusted for cluster using GEE modeling. aThe P-values for birth attendants exclude physicians since the number of physician-attended deliveries is very small; bThe P-values for location of birth exclude hospital deliveries for the ENC period and hospital, home and other locations for the post-NRP period since the number of deliveries in these locations are very small.
  2. Abbreviations: ENR, Essential Newborn Care; GEE, generalized estimating equation; NPR, Neonatal Resuscitation Program.